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PORTRAIT. 
(Figure  19.)     The  expression  of  surprise   (mouth  open  and  lower  jaw 
dropped)   came  as  he  looked  up  to  investigate  a  curious  noise  he 
heard.     (Age,  twenty-three  months.) 


HOW  I  KEPT  MY  BABY  WELL 


lEi^urattottal  Psgrt^olgrig  jMottograyl|g 

Including  Experimental  Pedagogy,  Child  Physiology 
and  Hygiene  and  Educational  Statistics 


No.  9 


How  I  Kept  My  Baby  Well 

By 

ANNA  G.  NOYES,  B.  Sc. 


lalttmoiT,  1.  ^.  A. 

WARWICK  &  YORK,  Inc. 
1913 


Copyright,  1913 
WARWICK    &    YORK,   Inc. 


TO  JOHN  DEWEY 

iDhose  plea  for  the  extension  of  the  methods  of  science  to  the  com- 
monplace things  of  life  gave  me  courage  to  'believe  that  a  mother's 
oimi  bahy  might  he  a  fit  subject  for  scientific  investigation  hy  even 
a  baby's  otvn  mother. 


EDITOE'S  PREFACE. 

The  fact  that  the  Journal  of  Educational  Psychol- 
ogy has  defined  its  scope  to  inchide  the  consideration 
of  child  psychology  and  hygiene  justifies  the  inclu- 
sion in  the  allied  series  of  Educational  Psychology 
Monographs  of  the  material  set  forth  in  the  present 
volume. 

Mrs.  Noyes  has,  we  believe,  made  a  contribution  of 
real  interest  to  physicians  and  nurses,  to  mothers 
and  fathers,  and  to  students  of  childhood  generally. 
The  value  of  her  work  is  twofold.  On  the  one  hand, 
it  points  the  way  to  a  method  and  type  of  observation 
that  any  intelligent  mother  can  undertake  with  profit 
to  herself  and  to  others,  and  in  so  far  disproves  the 
contention  of  some  critics  of  the  child-study  move- 
ment that  observations  of  young  children  by  their 
own  mothers  can  never  yield  data  of  real  value;  on 
the  other  hand,  it  furnishes  generalizations  in  the 
shape  of  principles  or  rules  governing  feeding,  cloth- 
ing, and  the  general  control  of  infant  development 
that  will  be  of  direct  utility  to  those  who,  like  the 
author,  face  that  vital  problem — how  to  keep  the 
baby  well.  Mrs.  Noyes  has  displayed  commendable 
caution  in  drawing  these  generalizations.  It  is  not 
asserted  that  what  applied  to  her   own  baby  will 


2  HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY    WELL 

apply  invariably  to  any  other  baby,  but  only  that  it 
undoubtedly  will  apply  to  many  babies,  and  that  her 
method  of  attacking  the  problem  is,  at  any  rate,  a 
method  that  other  mothers  may  follow  to  advantage 
when  confronted  with  the  same  situation. 

The  conservation  of  human  life  by  the  reduction 
of  infant  mortality  is  a  noble  undertaking.  The  edi- 
tor joins  with  the  author  in  the  hope  that  this  little 
contribution  may  in  some  measure  further  that 
undertaking. 

a.  M.  w. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE, 

Introduction T 

CHAPTER     I.     THE  PROBLEM 13 

CHAPTER  II.     NINE    UNUSUAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL,    SIXTEEN 
OTHER  MONTHS  BRIEFLY   SUMMARIZED. 

Tlie  Wine  Unusual  Months.  TJie  Sixteen  Other  Months. 

1.  The  First  Montli, 

(February) 21 

2.  The  Problem  of  Regurgitation, 

Second  Month  (March) 25 

3.  Third  Month   (April) 30 

4.  Fourth  Month  (May) 32 

5.  Fifth  Month  (June) 33 

G.     The  Problem  of  Overfeeding, 

Sixth  Month  (July) 36 

7.     A  Perfect  Month, 

Seventh  Month   (August) 43 

8.     Eighth  Month    (September) 49 

9.     Weaning  Begun, 

Ninth  Month    (October) 51 

10.     Weaning  Completed,  and  a  Cold, 

Tenth  Month   (November) 59 

11.  Eleventh  Month   (December) 68 

12.  Twelfth  Month   (.January) 69 

13.  -  Thirteenth   Month    (February) 72 

14.  Fourteenth  Month  (March) 74 

15.  Fifteenth   Month    (April) 75 

16.  Sixteenth  Month    (May) 75 

17.  Seventeenth  Month  (June) 75 

IS.     Eighteenth  Month  (July) 78 

19.  Nineteenth  Month  (August) 79 

20.  Twentieth  Month    (September) 79 

3 


21.     A  Perfect  Month,  page. 

Twenty-first  IMontli    (October) 86 

22.  Twenty-second  Month  (November),,  93 

23.  Twenty-third  Month   (December),,.  93 

24.  Teething. 

Twenty-fourth  Month  (January) 95 

25,  The  Last  Month. 

Twenty-fifth  Month  (February) 107 

CHAPTER  III.     SUMMAPtlES. 

1.  Numhcr  of  meals  a  day 115 

2.  Intervals 118 

3.  Diet 120 

( A) .     Length  of  time  nursing 120 

(B).     Food. 

a.  Quantity , , 120 

b.  Composition 121 

(C).     Water.    Orange  juice.    Prune  juice 120 

(D) .     Medication 130 

4.  (1)  Regurgitation  and  (2)   roiiiiting 130 

5.  Sleej) 130 

0.     Feces 131 

( A ) .     Frequency 133 

(B) .     Character 134 

(C).     Causes  of  irregularities 138 

( D ) .     Remedies 138 

7.  Skin 132 

(A) .     Regular  treatment 142 

(B) .     Evidences  of  trouble 143 

(C) .     Special  treatment ' 143 

8.  Cold 143 

( A ) .     Frequency 147 

(B).     Treatment,     a.  General,    b.  Local 149 

9.  Behavior 149 

10.  Crying 151 

( A) .     Causes 151 

( B ) .     Frequency 152 

11.  Weight  and  other  measuremeuls 152 

Length,  in  inches,  of 

Body 153 

Foot 153 

4 


Breadth,  .  page. 

Froiito-oceipetal,  (  of  Head,  in  inches loo 

Oecipito  mental,  ) 

Breadth,  hi  inches,  of 

Shoulders , 153 

Chest 153 

Ninth  rib 153 

Hips , 153 

Depth,  in  inches,  of 

Chest 153 

Abdomen  .  .  , 153 

Circumferential  measurements,  in  centimeters,  of 

Head 153 

Neck 153 

Chest 153 

Ninth  rib 153 

Waist,  and 153 

Hips 153 

12.  Physical  acJiicuciucnts 155 

13.  Teetliiiuj IGO 

14.  Remarks. 

(A).     Vocabulary  of  motions  and  words 101 

(B) .     Clothing 1(50 

(C).     Exercise 177 

(D) .     Sucking  the  thumb 177 

(E).     Heritage 179 

CHAPTER  TV.     A  FINAL  WORD 181 


INTEODUCTION. 

Let  me  say  at  the  outset  that  I  am  fully  aware  that 
this  is  a  record  of  but  one  baby,  and  that,  of  course, 
no  sweeping  generalizations  as  to  baby  culture  can 
be  made  from  this  one  case.  Yet  many  have  felt  it 
their  duty  to  warn  me  that  I  cannot  write  a  book  on 
how  to  bring  up  babies  because  I  have  had  ''good 
luck,''  as  they  say,  with  one. 

But  although  one  case  does  not  permit  me  to  gen- 
eralize, it  does  allow  me  to  be  suspicious.  And  one 
thing  about  which  I  am  suspicious  is  that  tables  of 
averages,  whether  of  food  or  weight  or  growth,  are 
likely  to  be  misleading  gTiides  to  a  mother  in  caring 
for  her  one  special  case,  because  the  baby  is  not 
labeled  at  the  outset  as  to  which  side  of  the  average 
he  will  fall.  And  to  try  to  feed  a  baby  up  or  down 
to  an  average  diet  is  as  absurd  as  to  try  to  make  any 
one  horse  pull  up  or  down  to  the  efficiency  of  the 
average  horse.  Doctors  disregard  averages  in  pre- 
scribing for  a  particular  case,  and  they  seriously 
intend  that  mothers  should.  The  one  case  under  con- 
sideration is  the  one  which  the  doctor  or  the  mother 
studies.  If  too  much  importance  is  attached  to  aver- 
ages, points  in  the  condition  of  the  baby  in  question 
are  likely  to  be  overlooked.  And  the  mother's  prob- 
lem is  to  find  out  just  what  are  the  most  important 


8  HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

facts  to  be  kept  in  mind  in  diagnosing  her  particular 
case. 

Now,  there  is  one  thing  that  every  doctor  and 
nurse  and  mother  with  whom  I  have  had  opportunity 
to  discuss  this  matter  admits  at  once,  and  that  is  that 
ivJiat  will  keep  a  hahy  well  is  the  treatment  for  that 
hahy.  Could  anything  be  plainer  than  that?  Our 
grandmothers  knew  it  and  practiced  it  before  tables 
of  averages  were  so  much  as  dreamed  of. 

And  how  is  one  to  know  when  a  baby  is  well  1  Any 
unprejudiced,  normal  person  could,  after  a  few  mo- 
ments for  reflection,  sum  up  the  evidences  of  health 
in  a  baby :  namely,  pink  cheeks ;  a  clean,  red  tongue ; 
soft,  smooth  skin,  unbroken  by  pimples  or  roughness ; 
long,  peaceful  naps ;  freedom  from  colds ;  agility  of 
movement;  the  eye  sparkling  and  the  cornea  a  blue 
white;  a  keen  and  regular  appetite;  all  food  thor- 
oughly digested  (as  shown  by  a  smooth  and  yellow 
feces) ;  steady  growth,  and  a  happy,  contented  dispo- 
sion.  All  these  are  readily  admitted  to  be  some  of 
the  evidences  of  good  health  in  a  baby. 

If  these  signs  spell  health,  then  the  disappearance 
of  them  signifies  that  health  is  in  danger.  If  cheeks 
turn  pale  and  the  clear  blue-white  of  the  eye  becomes 
yellowish,  if  the  skin  grows  rough  or  blotched,  and 
if  bodily  movements  become  listless,  if  the  food  is 
thrown  up  and  the  excreta  are  foul,  and  if  the  weight 
is  not  increasing  and  the  baby  is  irritable,  all  these 
changes  must  be  noted,  not  necessarily  with  alarm, 
but  frankly  and  to  the  full  extent  of  their  importance. 

And  once  the  habit  is  established  of  noticing  and 
admitting  these  little  lapses,  then  must  follow  the 
search  for  the  mischief-maker. 


INTEODUCTION  9 

I  believe  the  investigation  should  begin  with  the 
diet.  If  that  is  rightly  managed,  the  cause  of  the 
trouble  can  usually  be  located  at  once  and  removed. 
And  that  is  what  I  studied  to  do.  If  trouble  so  much 
as  peeped  out,  I  was  after  the  cause  of  it.  I  elimi- 
nated three  possible  causes  of  disturbance  in  the  air 
and  water  and  clothing,  by  seeing  to  it  that  the  air 
was  fresh  and  stirring,  and  that  the  water  had  been 
boiled,  cooled  and  warmed  again  before  drinking,  and 
that  the  clothing  was  comfortable  and  hygienic.  In 
this  way  the  mischief-maker  could  readily  be  cor- 
nered in  the  only  thing  (barring  accidents  and  con- 
tagious diseases)  that  remained — the  food. 

Little  by  little,  I  found  where  to  look  for  evidences 
of  wrong  feeding.  To  begin  with,  I  became  very  sus- 
picious that  throwing  up  was  a  sign  of  overfeeding. 
'^Everybody"  says  that  ''all  babies  vomit."  But 
why  do  they?  I  wondered.  iVnd  so  as  long  as  my 
baby  continued  to  regurgitate,  with  my  eye  on  the 
scales,  watching  his  weight,  I  kex)t  cutting  down  the 
quantity  of  food  and  increasing  the  intervals,  until 
at  one  time  he  was  nursing  one-sixth  the  time  which 
Holt  prescribes.  But  as  the  scales  continued  to  rise 
and  the  baby  kept  well,  I  knew  I  was  on  the  right 
track. 

But  sometimes  I  found  the  stomach  would  pass 
food  which  the  intestines  could  not  handle,  and  so  I 
found  another  danger  signal  in  the  excreta.  When  I 
had  learned  by  constant  observation  and  consultation 
with  a  doctor  what  good  and  bad  excreta  were,  they 
proved  to  be  the  most  reliable  evidences  that  the  diet 
was  right  or  wrong.  And  I  soon  came  to  feel  that 
in  the  intestines  was  to  he  found  a  reliable  guide  in 


10  HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY    WELL 

maintaining  the  baby's  health.  Irregularities  in  the 
excreta  demanded  a  change  in  the  diet.  Frequently 
the  change  in  diet  came  soon  enough  and  was  near 
enough  right  to  restore  the  evidences  of  health,  but 
sometimes  it  was  too  late,  and  other  symptoms  of 
trouble  would  appear  in  a  pimj^le  or  a  white  tongue, 
13ale  cheeks  or  a  cold.  After  which,  the  proper  salve 
or  a  hot  bath  had  to  be  given  to  supplement  the  work 
of  the  delayed  change  in  the  diet. 

In  general,  if  the  digestive  tract  had  been  given  no 
food  beyond  its  capacity,  and  if  the  baby  were  gain- 
ing in  weight  and  otherwise  well  and  happy,  then  I 
made  no  changes  in  the  diet.  Or  if,  immediately  upon 
giving  evidence  that  too  difficult  or  too  big  a  task  had 
been  expected  of  the  intestines,  a  rest  from  food  fol- 
lowed, or  a  change  was  made  to  what  I  had  found  out 
the  intestines  could  handle  successfully;  then,  bar- 
ring accidents,  no  further  complications,  fevers, 
sores,  crossnesses,  and  so  on,  had  a  chance  to  make 
headway.  But  failure  to  reckon  with  the  first  evi- 
dences of  indigestion  meant  that  other  evidences 
(pimples,  a  cold,  or  even  a  fever)  turned  up  later. 
My  baby  never  got  so  far  as  colic,  nor  has  he  had  any 
contagious  disease. 

I  spared  myself  no  pains  in  measuring  food,  as  I 
found  that  an  excess  of  even  a  very  small  amount  of 
milk  or  cream  or  barley  or  oatmeal  would  upset  the 
digestion. 

Teething,  the  dread  of  all  mothers,  proved  in  this 
case,  too,  to  be  a  disturbing  factor,  and  often  m}^ 
best  laid  plans  would  ''gang  agiey'^  apparently  for 
no  other  reason  than  that  digestive  jorocesses  were 
upset  by  teething  pains.    At  such  times  all  I  could  do 


INTRODUUi'iOM  11 

was  to  mollify  the  pain  with  tannic  acid  and  be  espe- 
cially careful  about  diet.  And  I  conscientiously 
avoided  making  teething  the  scapegoat  for  all  baby 
troubles. 

In  a  word,  this  was  my  clue — to  keep  the  hahy  ivell 
so  that  he  could  not  get  sick. 

And  what  comment  do  the  doctors  make  upon  this 
plan  of  caring  for  a  baby?  One  doctor,  who  ought 
to  know  what  he  is  talking  about,  said  to  me :  '^  Well, 
if  all  mothers  cared  for  their  babies  in  this  wav, 
where  should  we  come  in  I ' ' 

This  I  should  call  the  common  sense  ivay  of  caring 
for  a  hahy,  and  it  is,  of  course,  the  way  in  which  many 
mothers  have  already  brought  up  their  babies.  But  1 
cannot  find  that  any  one  of  them  has  stated  the  prob- 
lem consciously,  or  at  least,  stated  it  for  publication, 
or  has  any  data  to  offer,  in  the  shape  of  records,  as 
to  how  the  plan  worked,  even  in  one  case. 

And  this  is  all  I  claim  to  have  done.  I  have  a  com- 
plete record  of  one  hahy  who  ivas  Jcept  ivell  for  two 
years  hy  not  being  allowed  to  get  sick. 

The  thing  to  do  next  is  to  follow  this  record  with 
the  records  of,  say,  fifty  babies.  In  addition  to  the 
charts  of  weight,  of  growth  and  of  dietaries,  which 
this  further  study  would  evolve,  charts  should  be 
made  to  show  the  characteristics  of  the  normal  and 
of  the  abnoniial  feces,  and  the  probable  causes  of  the 
disturbances  in  the  latter.  I  believe  that  these  latter 
charts,  in  the  hands  of  an  intelligent  mother,  would 
be  a  greater  help  to  lier  in  checking  up  a  dietary  than 
charts  of  average  amounts  of  food,  of  average 
growth  and  average  development,  however  valuable 
these  may  be.    For  the  evidences  of  health  are  the 


1.2  HOW    I    KEPT    Mi    r.i\±JY    WELL 

same  for  all  babies,  but  the  amount  of  food  any  indi- 
vidual baby  can  handle,  the  weight  any  individual 
baby  can  add  and  the  rapidity  with  which  any  indi- 
vidual baby  can  grow  may,  and  do,  vary  considerably. 

In  other  words,  a  diet  checked  up  by  what  are 
known  to  be  constant  elements  is  more  likely  to  come 
out  right  than  when  checked  up  by  varying  ones.  Or, 
put  in  another  way,  the  changing  conditions  of  a 
baby's  body  are  the  best  guides  to  his  diet.  With  the 
diet  properly  regulated,  increasing  weight  and 
growth  and  strength  will  follow  as  a  matter  of  course. 
To  post^Done  attention  to  a  baby's  diet  until  he  has 
the  colic  or  begins  to  lose  weight  may  be  to  wait  too 
long.  There  are  earlier  signals  of  trouble  than  loss 
of  weight  or  cessation  of  growth.  As  Dr.  Holt  says, 
again  and  again,  ^'conditions  present  are  the  best 
guide/' 

My  own  conclusion  is  that  the  keynote  in  maintain- 
ing a  baby's  health,  will  be  found  (after  fresh  air, 
pure  water  and  hygienic  clothing  have  been  secured) 
in  keeping  the  whole  digestive  tract  in  perfect  order. 

At  any  rate,  it  will  do  no  harm  for  a  mother  to  try 
to  keep  her  baby  well. 


Chapter  I. 
THE  PROBLEM. 

To  begin  with,  like  almost  every  other  mother  with 
her  first  baby,  1  was  a  novice  at  baby  culture.  There 
is  no  school  which  a  prospective  mother  may  attend 
where  she  may  try  her  hand  at  baby-raising  under 
expert  su|)ervision.  Were  she  'Agoing  in"  for 
chickens  or  pigs,  there  would  be  schools^  universities 
and  government  pamphlets  galore  at  her  service,  but 
when  she  would  raise  only  a  human  baby,  universi- 
ties and  government  bureaus  are  silent.* 

I  cannot  recall  any  particular  instruction  given  me 
during  my  academic  life  that  so  much  as  intimated 
that  the  problem  of  baby-raising  existed  in  the  world. 
But  I  had  learned,  though  late  in  my  college  career, 
that  there  was  such  a  thing  as  inductive  thinking, 
and  armed  with  the  latter  power,  I  was  prepared  to 
attack  the  former  problem. 

I  had  little  information  on  hand  as  to  the  facts  in 
my  particular  problem,  but  I  did  know  how  to  look  it 
squarely  in  the  face,  as  it  were,  and  I  never  hesitated, 
when  I  found  myself  confronted  with  questions  that 
demanded  knowledge  which  I  did  not  have,  to  go  to 
someone  I  thought  ought  to  have  it  and  ask  for  it. 


*Sinco  this  para^rnph  was  writton.  and  boforo  tho  book  was  published, 
The  School  ol"  jNIothcrcraft  was  established  in  New  York  City. 

13 


14  HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY    WELL 

Nor  did  I  grasp  the  whole  of  the  problem  during 
the  first  hour  or  day  or  week,  nor  can  I  remember 
just  when  I  clearly  stated  the  problem  to  myself,  but 
it  was  about  the  sixth  or  seventh  week  that  things 
began  shajDing  themselves  systematically  in  my 
mind. 

There  were  several  contributing  factors  tending  to 
bring  this  about.  For  instance,  Dr.  Holt's  Care  and 
Feeding  of  Children  I  kept  at  my  right  hand;  the 
nurses  and  physicians  at  the  hospital  were  patient 
and  considerate  with  my  incessant  questioning ;  Pro- 
fessor Chittenden  of  Yale  answered  a  query ;  Dr.  von 
Someren  of  V^enice,  through  Mrs.  von  Someren,  con- 
firmed a  suspicion ;  two  friends  who  were  physicians 
assured  me  I  was  on  the  right  track,  and  even  a  com- 
mon-sense person  like  my  mother  had  to  admit  that 
I  could  not  go  far  wrong  in  continuing  as  I  had  be- 
gun. And  so,  little  by  little,  I  found  I  was  getting 
the  whole  problem  stated.  And,  though  I  soon  saw 
that  in  many  details  there  were  likely  to  arise  any 
number  of  complications,  yet,  i^utting  it  in  a  word, 
the  problem  finally  resolved  itself  thus:  How  can  1 
maintain  my  hahy  in  health? 

By  the  seventh  week  baby-culture,  merely  as  a 
problem,  had  become  so  interesting  that  I  began 
keeping  records,  at  first  merely  with  the  idea  of  using 
them  for  reference  in  this  one  case,  but  later  because 
I  hoped  they  might  throw  light  on  the  whole  problem 
of  caring  for  a  baby.  As  new  developments  fol- 
lowed, other  items  had  to  be  noted,  so  that,  the  items 
that  now  seem  to  me  to  be  necessary  for  considera- 
tion in  jDlanning  and  recording  a  baby\s  condition, 
diet  and  treatment,  together  with  the  abbreviations 
which  I  have  used,  are  the  following ; 


THE    PEOBLEM  15 

1.  Age,  in  years   (Y),  months  (M),  weeks  (W)   and  days  (D). 

2.  Intervals  Jjeticeen  meals,  in  tioiirs  and  fractions  of  an  laour. 

3.  Diet. 

( 1 ) .     Length  of  time  nursing,  in  minutes. 
(2).     Food. 

a.  Quantity. 

b.  Composition. 

(3).     Water,  orange  juice,  prune  juice,  in  tablespoonfuls 

(tbs.),  later  in  ounces  (oz.). 
(4).     Medication. 

4. 

(1).  Regurgitation  (food  which  has  not  yet  been  chem- 
ically altered  in  the  stomach  thrown  up  very  soon 
after  eating),  in  tbs. 

(2).     Vomiting    (food  thrown  up    later   which   has   been 
made  acid  in  the  stomach),  in  tbs. 
5.     Sleep,  length  of  time,  in  hours  and  fractions  of  an  hour. 
().     Feces. 

(1).     Time. 

(2).  Character: — smooth  (S)  ;  curdled  (C)  ;  yellow 
(Y)  ;  green  (G)  ;  yellowish-green  (YG)  ;  green- 
ish-yellow (GY)  ;  loose  (L)  ;  constipated  (Co.). 
The  abbreviations  S.,  C,  Y.  and  G.  were  printed 
large  or  small,  according  as  much  or  little  had  to 
be  designated.  For  instance,  if  the  feces  were 
only  slightly  curdled,  a  small  "c"  was  used,  if 
badly  curdled,  a  large  "C,"  and  so  on.  To  indicate 
when  the  feces  was  deposited  in  a  chamber,  a 
ring  was  drawn  around  the  letters,  e.  g.,  SY 
(with  ring  around)  means  that  the  feces  was 
smooth  and  yellow  and  was  deposited  in  a 
chamber. 

(3).     Causes  of  irregularities. 

(4).     Remedies. 

7.  Condition  of  skin: — rash  (R)  ;  pimple  (P)  ;  other  irregulari- 

ties.   Medication. 

8.  Cold. 

(1).     Length  of  time. 
(2).     Treatment. 

9.  Behavior: — excellent  (1)  ;  good  (2)  ;  restless  (3)  ;  cross  (4). 

10.  Crying. 

(1).     Cause. 

(2).     Time,  in  minutes. 

11.  Weight  and  other  measurements. 

12.  Physical  achievements. 

13.  Teething. 

14.  General  remarks. 


16  HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

I  recorded  hiccoughs,  but  I  found  that  tliey  so  con- 
tradicted other  evidences  of  good  and  bad  digestion 
that  they  furnished  nie  no  guide  in  prescribing  his 
diet.  He  liiccoughed  when  he  was  so  full  that  he  was 
regurgitating,  and  also  when  he  had  eaten  little,  both 
before  meals  and  after  meals,  on  full  stomachs  and 
empty  ones,  so  I  never  did  ascertain  the  conditions 
that  were  essential  in  hiccoughing.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  the  immediate  cause  is,  I  believe,  not  known 
precisely.  I  have  not  included  this  record  in  the 
charts,  as  it  has  not  influenced  the  baby's  treatment. 
He  had  no  long  attacks  of  hiccoughs.  Water  or  a  few 
grains  of  sugar  wou_ld  sometimes  stop  them  when 
they  did  occur,  or  they  would  cease  of  themselves. 

Only  occasionally  did  I  notice  that  his  tongue  was 
whitish,  but  I  have  kept  no  record  of  its  appearance 
from  day  to  day,  though  I  know  it  is  a  reliable  index 
of  intestinal  conditions. 

And  only  on  two  occasions  when  he  had  a  fever 
did  I  note  the  temperature. 

So  at  the  beginning  of  the  seventh  week  I  prepared 
sheets  as  shown  below,  on  which  I  recorded  all  those 
matters  that  related  to  his  physical  condition  and 
treatment  and  that  I  felt  were  significant  for  daily 
guidance : 


THE    PKOBLEM 


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18  HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

From  these  record  sheets  the  charts  were  later 
made  out.  Other  items  were  added  to  these  sheets 
from  time  to  time  as  other  things  had  to  be  recorded, 
as  when  artificial  food  was  given,  or  orange  juice,  or 
water,  etc. 

A  word  concerning  the  accuracy  of  tlie  data  on  the 
charts : 

The  length  of  time  spent  at  the  breast  I  noted  by 
the  watch.  I  began  letting  him  rest  every  alternate 
15  seconds  while  nursing,  but  I  soon  found  I  wanted 
my  eyes  for  something  else,  so  I  counted  5,  10  or  15, 
depending  upon  his  hunger  or  indifference,  over  and 
over  again,  and  generally,  by  the  way,  set  the  counts 
to  music,  or  allowed  him  to  nurse  and  rest  at  alter- 
nating rythmic  measures. 

The  amounts  regurgitated  and  vomited  I  could  not 
measure  because  they  were  deposited  on  absorbent 
materials,  so  I  had  to  estimate  them  as  accurately  as 
possible.  The  number  of  times  vomited  or  regurgi- 
tated is,  of  course,  exact,  as  I  was  with  him  practi- 
cally all  of  the  time  and  noted  each  emission. 

The  fact  that  I  was  working  to  correct  the  diet  by 
the  feces  led  me  to  note  their  frequency,  consistency 
and  color  very  conscientiously. 

I  found  no  simple  way  of  noting  the  various  skin 
troubles,  but  I  have  recorded  every  one  that  I  noted, 
and  as  I  was  continually  searching  the  skin  for  evi- 
dence of  trouble,  I  believe  I  saw  every  pimple,  patch 
of  roughness  or  other  irregularity  that  occurred. 

The  record  of  the  baby's  behavior  (1,  2,  3  or  4)  is 
particularly  likely  to  be  vitiated  by  personal  preju- 
dice. So  knowing  what  a  fond  mother's  heart  may 
incline  her  to  say  of  even  a  very  cross  baby  (the  mis- 


THE    PEOBLEM  19 

takes  are  not  made  the  other  way),  I  liit  upon  the 
phm  of  checking'  the  behavior  record  l)y  noting-  tlie 
frequency  and  duration  of  every  spell  of  crying. 
There  is  a  record  for  every  whimper,  though  I  did 
not  always  note  duration  of  crying  by  the  watch; 
generally  I  estimated  it,  and  I  tried  to  estimate 
neither  too  liberally  nor  too  sparingly. 

The  data  for  the  charts  showing  the  growth  were 
taken  by  Dr.  William  McCastline  of  Teachers  Col- 
lege, Columbia  University. 

Not  much  of  the  data  has  been  verified  or  is  veri- 
fiable by  recourse  to  other  observers  than  the  baby's 
parents.  Two  doctors.  Dr.  McCastline  and  Dr.  Wil- 
liam E.  Caldwell  of  New  York  University  (the  latter 
of  whom  had  the  case  at  the  Manhattan  Maternity 
Hospital),  have  been  consulted  from  time  to  time  and 
have  kept  in  touch  with  the  baby.  Dr.  McCastline 
has  seen  him  once  a  month  since  he  was  six  months 
old  to  take  his  measurements  and  give  advice  for  the 
next  month's  treatment.  Dr.  Caldwell  was  called  in 
twice,  once  when  the  baby  had  a  slight  fever  and 
again  when  he  had  a  faint  rash;  but,  aside  from  that, 
has  seen  him  about  every  two  months.  These  two 
physicians  can  verify  what  is  verifiable  in  the  charts 
and  records.  The  accompanying  photographs*  are 
also  contributions  as  verification. 

The  data  in  this  book  represent,  therefore,  a  faith- 
ful record  of  the  physical  development  of  a  healthy 
Ijaby. 


*Foi'  the  numerous  photographs  throughout  the  book,  credit  is 
to  be  given  to  my  husband,  Mr.  William  Noyes.  They  are  the 
gleanings  of  a  much  larger  number  that  were  taken,  and  of  them- 
selves represent  a  work  of  considerable  thought  and  infinite  pa- 
tience. 


Chapter  II. 
NINE  TYPICAL  MONTHS  IN  DETAIL. 

The  charts  and  complete  records  for  the  25  months 
were  kept  and  prepared  for  pubhcation,  but  as  I 
found  history  had  repeated  itself  so  frequently  dur- 
ing this  period,  I  believed  the  essentials  in  the  case 
could  best  be  gleaned  from  a  complete  history  of  two 
perfect  months  and  of  those  other  months  in  which 
the  typical  problems  were  most  difficult  to  handle, 
with  the  remaining  months  treated  summarily. 

With  this  idea  in  riiind,  I  have  selected  the  follow- 
ing nine  months  for  complete  presentation:  the  first 
and  the  last  months  mark  the  beginning  and  the 
end  of  the  study;  then  two  of  the  most  perfect 
months,  the  seventh  and  twenty-first,  the  one  before 
and  the  other  after  weaning;  and  a  group  of  five 
months,  of  which  each  contained  a  particular  prob- 
lem, as  follows :  the  second  month,  the  problem  of 
regurgitation,  the  sixth  month,  of  overfeeding,  the 
ninth  and  tenth  months,  of  weaning  and  a  cold,  and 
the  twenty-fourth  month,  that  of  teething. 

The  conclusions  in  Chapter  III  are,  however, 
drawn  from  the  data  of  all  25  months. 


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NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  23 

1.    From  the  Thirteenth  to  the  Seventeenth  Days. 
(February.)    (See  Chart  I.) 

While  at  the  hospital  I  made  a  few  notes  (from 
thirteenth  to  seventeenth  days),  and  these,  together 
with  some  of  the  record  compiled  there  by  the  nurses 
and  doctors,  give  a  clue  to  the  feeding  and  conduct  of 
all  the  first  days  and  make  a  basis  of  comparison  for 
the  later  weeks. 

At  the  hospital  I  saw  the  baby  during  the  nursing 
period  only,  and  hence  the  record  (see  Chart  I,  p.  22) 
is  necessarily  incomplete,  though  correct  as  far  as  it 
goes.  For  instance,  in  the  matter  of  regurgitation, 
what  is  recorded  is  only  what  I  saw  while  the  baby 
was  with  me.  I  made  no  record  of  what  happened 
while  he  was  away  and  none  was  available  later  when 
I  asked  for  it,  though  the  general  impression  of  the 
attending  physician.  Dr.  W.  E.  Caldwell,  is  that  he 
regurgitated  or  vomited  very  little.  Nor  do  I  know 
how  much  he  slept.  I  noted  only  his  falling  asleep 
when  brought  to  me.     (See  chart.) 

As  there  were  no  records  at  the  hospital  of  dis- 
turbances other  than  two  curdled  greenish-yellow 
feces  on  the  seventeenth  day  and  a  slight  cold  in  the 
head  on  the  same  day,  the  conclusion  is  that  all  else 
was  normal  and  well.  The  weights  and  measure- 
ments taken  there  are  recorded  on  their  proper 
charts. 

But  my  skepticism  as  to  the  amount  of  food  a  baby 
should  be  allowed  began  there  at  the  hospital  and 
was  encouraged  by  Dr.  Caldwell  and  the  head  nurse. 
Miss  Coucher,  and  they  permitted  me  to  use  my  own. 
judgment  as  to  the  length  of  time  I  should  nurse  the 


24  HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

baby.  The  hospital  regulation  was  20  minutes  at  the 
breast,  10  times  a  day,  at  intervals  of  two  hours, 
excepting'  one  long  interval  of  six  hours,  from  10.30 
P.  M.  to  4.30  A.  M.  The  interval  was,  of  course, 
a  matter  not  to  be  interfered  with  at  the  hospital,  but 
the  amount  could  be,  and  it  was  determined  by  the 
baby's  inclination.  The  result  was  that  it  averaged 
in  those  five  days  about  12  instead  of  20  minutes.* 
Even  with  that  reduction,  he  did  regurgitate,  though 
the  amount  averaged  less  than  half  a  tablespoonful 
for  the  time  he  was  with  me.  At  one  time  he  regurgi- 
tated four  times  during  the  one  nursing,  going  back 
to  nurse  each  time,  but  finally  discontinuing  of  his 
own  accord.    (See  Chart  I,  fourteenth  day.) 


*Iu  noting  comparisons,  I  have  not  forgotten  that  tlie  millv  flows 
from  the  breast  n)ore  freely  at  the  beginning  than  at  the  end  of 
a  nursing  period,  which  would  mean  that  the  time  spent  and  the 
quantity  of  milk  secured  do  not  keep  up  an  equal  ratiO'  throughout 
a  period.  In  other  words,  a  given  time  spent  in  the  beginning  se- 
cures more  milk  than  an  equal  amount  of  time  spent  at  the  end. 
So  when  the  difference  in  time  is  stated  the  difference  in  amount  is 
not  so  great  as  it  at  first  appears.  Furthermore,  I  am  told  that 
the  rapidity  with  which  milk  flows  varies  greatly  among  women. 
Mine  came  freely,  spurting  out  at  the  beginning  of  a  nursing  pe- 
riod in  jets,  like  water  from  a  sprinkler.  After  a  while,  it  would 
ooze  out  in  drops.  AVhereas  with  some  women  the  milk  flows  so 
slowly  that  the  baby  often  tires  of  the  attempt  and  falls  asleep 
before  getting  enough  milk.  It  would  seem  as  if  this  baby  secured 
a  generous  supply  in  a  short  time.  This  makes,  the  difference  in 
time  misleading  as  to  quantity.  However,  this  was  the  only  way 
I  had  to  record  the  amount,  and  it  seems  to  be  the  customary  way 
of  considering  it,  and  it  is  fairly  accurate  for  purposes  of  com- 
parison in  this  case,  (weighing  the  baby  before  and  after  nursing 
would  give  an  accurate  measure  of  the  quantity  taken).  An  error 
would  be  made,  however,  if  quantities  were  computed  in  direct 
ratio  to  these  intervals  of  time.  For  instance,  if  I  fed  my  baby 
for  ten  minutes  where  Holt  advised  twenty  minutes,  it  would  not 
follow  that  I  was  feeding  my  baby  half  the  amount  Holt  pre- 
scribed. 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  25 

2.     From  Seven  Weeks  Three  Days  Through  Eight 
Weeks  Three  Days.     (March.)     (See  Chart  II.) 

After  coming  home  from  the  hospital  I  assumed 
full  charge  of  the  baby.  I  was  only  too  conscious  of 
my  ignorance  on  the  subject,  but  I  faced  the  problem 
devotedly,  conscientiously  and  with  docility. 

One  of  the  first  perplexities  was  the  problem  of 
regurgitation.  Although  I  was  feeding  my  baby 
much  less  than  the  accepted  standard,  he  continued  to 
regurgitate.  Now,  my  common  sense  told  me  that 
this  was  evidence  that  he  was  getting  too  much  food. 
Moreover,  Holt  said  that  if  a  baby  regurgitated  it 
was  evidence  of  overfeeding,  and  advised  that  the 
amount  of  food  be  reduced  at  each  meal,  and  the  in- 
terval between  meals  lengthened.  But  I  had  been 
doing  this,  and  to  such  an  extent  that  I  feared  the 
baby  was  not  getting  enough.  By  the  seventh  week 
he  was  having  about  seven  feedings  a  day,  of  about 
four  minutes  each,  whereas  Holt  advises  through 
the  seventh  week  eight  feedings  a  day  of  not  more 
than  20  minutes.  Also,  in  the  opinion  of  almost  all 
the  nurses,  doctors  and  mothers  with  whom  I  talked, 
little  importance  was  to  be  attached  to  a  baby's  re- 
gurgitations. I  was  even  told  that  these  were  an 
evidence  of  health !  On  the  other  hand,  the  dangers 
of  overfeeding  have  recently  oeen  made  so  clear  by 
modern  dieticians,  that  I  was  prepared  to  take  any 
step  that  would  keep  the  baby  from  that  pitfall. 

But  as  the  proof  of  the  leeding  must  always  be 
found  in  the  one  fed,  regardless,  I  believe,  of  any 
tables  that  have  as  yet  been  compiled,  and  as  my 
baby  was  gaining  in  weight,  was  sleeping  well  and 


26 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  27 

was  happy,  these  were  sufficient  proof  that  his  diet 
could  not  be  far  wrong.  So,  on  the  whole,  I  was  con- 
vinced that  I  should  try  to  keep  regurgitation  down 
to  the  lowest  possible  point,  or  even  try  to  eliminate 
it  altogether,  provided,  always,  that  his  general  vital- 
ity did  not  thereby  become  lowered. 

I  believe  I  have  never  spent  more  thought  over  any 
matter  that  has  come  up  to  me  for  solution,  than  I  did 
over  this  apparently  simple  one  of  how  much  to  feed 
this  baby  during  these  first  weeks.  For,  as  I  said 
before,  I  felt  that  the  controlling  factor  in  his  health 
lay  in  keeping  all  his  digestive  operations  in  perfect 
condition  and  under  my  control,  and  as  I  had  found 
no  specific  amount  or  time  set  down  as  an  absolute 
guide,  I  was  forced  to  weigh  advice  and  general  aver- 
ages, on  the  one  hand,  with  ' '  conditions  present, ' '  as 
Holt  says,  on  the  other,  and  then  to  decide  what 
would  be  best  for  this  particular  case. 

The  result  was  that  during  the  week  before  he  was 
two  months  old  (seven  weeks  three  days  to  eight 
weeks  three  days),  which  was  the  time  during  which 
the  first  record  was  kept,  I  noted  the  following : 

I.  Bkief  summary  of  the  month.  The  baby 
smiled,  and  even  laughed  to  us,  and,  aside  from  a 
slight  rash,  seemed  ]3erfectly  well,  though  he  was  eat- 
ing, according  to  duration  of  nursing,  only  one-sixth 
as  much  as  Holt  prescribes. 

II.  Details.     ( See  Chart  11. ) 

1.  Number  of  meals  a  day.  He  was  nursing  an 
average  of  six  and  one-half  times  a  day  (Holt  -ad- 
vises eight). 

2.  Intervals  hetiveen  meals.  The  long  interval 
{five  and  two-thirds  hours)  fell  short  one-third  an 


28  HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

hour  of  the  hospital  regulation,  while  the  short  inter- 
val (three  and  three-quarters  hours)  increased  one 
and  three-quarters  hours  over  the  hospital  time  of 
the  first  weeks.  I  found  it  worked  fairly  well  to  let 
his  inclination  select  the  long  interval  rather  than  to 
try  to  insist  upon  its  occurrence  between  certain 
hours,  as  10  A.  M.  and  4  P.  M.,  for  instance.  While 
keeping  in  mind  what  were  the  most  convenient  hours 
for  me  to  nurse  him,  I  was  guided  as  well  by  his  con- 
dition of  hunger  or  sleepiness.  I  did  not  wake  him 
to  feed  him,  nor,  if  he  seemed  hungry  after  waking, 
did  I  make  him  wait  until  a  certain  time. 

3.  Diet.  {Length  of  time  nursing.)  The  average 
length  of  time  actually  nursing  was  four  and  two- 
fifths  minutes,  though  he  spent  an  average  of  eight 
and  one-half  minutes  at  the  breast.  To  take  the  pre- 
caution of  not  letting  him  eat  too  fast,  I  counted  15 
over  and  over,  letting  him  nurse  during  one  count 
and  rest  during  the  next,  etc.,  so  although  he  was  at 
the  breast  10  minutes,  for  instance,  he  was  actually 
nursing  only  five  minutes  of  that  time.  The  chart 
shows  a  test  made  on  the  eighth  week,  second  day,  at 
which  time  he  was  allowed  to  nurse  for  10  minutes 
without  resting.  After  this  feeding  he  regurgitated 
four  tablespoonfuls,  the  most  thrown  up  at  one  time 
that  week.* 

4.  Regurgitation  and  Vomiting.  He  regurgitated 
34  times,  an  average  of  one  and  three-quarters  tbs. 
(in  all,  58  tbs.),  and  vomited  nine  times,  an  average 


*But  the  experiment,  however,  is  of  little  value,  since  two  fac- 
tors instead  of  one  were  experimented  with.  I  not  only  increased 
the  quantity,  but  let  him  nurse  without  resting.  Had  I  done  either 
one  alone,  the  test  would  have  been  more  significant. 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  29 

of  two-thirds  tbs.  (in  all,  six  ths.),  ^nd  I  still  wonder 
if  it  wonld  have  l)een  possible  to  have  eliminated  even 
that  amount. 

5.  Sleep.  He  was  sleeping  soundly  three-quar- 
ters of  the  total  time.  The  line  at  the  right  of  the 
interval  line  on  the  chart  indicates  the  length  of  time 
asleep  during  that  interval. 

6.  Feces.  The  feces  were  without  exception  yel- 
low, and,  I  think,  smooth  (though  I  did  not  begin  to 
record  the  latter  fact  until  the  ninth  week),  and  the 
interval  between  the  feces  averaged  32  hours. 

7.  Shin.  A  slight  rash,  lasting  most  of  this  week, 
was  the  only  disorder  noted  in  the  skin. 

8.  Cold.  There  was  no  sign  of  a  cold,  and  he  was 
sleeping  out-of-doors  most  of  the  time. 

9.  Behavior.  His  behavior  (1.4)  averaged  about 
half-way  between  excellent  and  good,  inclining 
toward  excellent. 

10.  Crying.  He  cried  at  intervals  an  average  of 
about  six  minutes  a  day. 

11.  Weight.  He  weighed  12  pounds,  which  was 
one  and  one-half  pounds  heavier  than  the  Holt  av- 
erage. 

12.  Physical  achievements.  I  was  quite  satisfied 
as  to  his  strength,  for  he  held  up  his  head,  as  shown 
in  the  photograph  (p.  176,  Plate  I,  No.  2),  from  the 
fourth  week,  and  the  Holt  babies  are  not  supposed  to 
accomplish  that  feat  until  the  fourth  month,  though 
they  often  do,  he  says,  during  the  third  month. 


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months.) 


31 


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NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  33 

3.  Third  Month.     (April)      (See  Cliart  III.) 

Bkief  summary  of  the  month.  The  treatment  of 
the  preceding  month  was  continued.  The  baby  was 
well,  even  exuberant.  He  frequently  laughed  aloud 
to  us,  and  had  outstripped  by  three  pounds  the  Holt 
civerage  for  weight. 

4.  Fourth  Month.     (Mcnj.)      (See  Chart  IV.) 

Brief  summary  of  the  month.  This  fourth  month 
was  a  phenomenal  one.  He  was  eating  less  fre- 
quently and  for  a  shorter  time,  while  gaining  stead- 
ily in  weight  and  strength.  By  the  fifteenth  week  he 
sat  up  alone  the  first  time  for  about  two  minutes 
(Holt's  time  for  this  is  about  the  seventh  or  eighth 
month).  He  was  also  reaching  out  to  handle  things, 
and  could  hang  suspended  from  his  hands,  and  en- 
joyed being  held  upside  down.    (See  Fig.  1.) 

5.     Fifth  Month.    (June.)    (See  Chart  V  and  Fig.  2.) 

Brief  summary  of  the  month.  Though  eating 
less,  he  regurgitated  more,  his  flesh  gave  evidence  of 
slight  trouble,  and  the  feces  were  not  so  good,  all  of 
which  may  be  accounted  for  by  the  excessive  amount 
of  olive  oil  I  had  eaten.  At  any  rate,  upon  my  dis- 
continuing the  use  of  it,  these  troubles  disappeared. 
He  was  greeting  us  with  a  smile  (see  Fig.  3)  and 
gurgle,  and  trying  to  pull  himself  up  by  any  stick  or 
finger  within  reach,  and  frequently  was  succeeding. 
He  exercised  on  the  horizontal  bar  (a  broom  handle) 
fastened  in  his  ''gymnasium"  (bassinet). 


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Fig.  2.     His  first  portrait.     (Ago, 
and  a  quarter  months.) 


four 


36  HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

6.     Sixth  Month,  (July.)    (See  Chart  VI  and  Fig.  4) 

The  Problem  of  Overfeeding. 

I.  Brief  summary  of  the  month.  This  month 
records  the  first  disturbance  that  gave  ns  any  anxi- 
ety. The  trouble  started  evidently  when  my  milk 
began  running  less  vigorously,  and  lasted  for  about 
one  and  one-half  weeks  (twenty- second  week,  second 
day,  to  twenty-third  week,  fiftli  day).  For  the  first 
six  days  lie  was  restless,  more  wakeful  than  usual, 
and  seemed  to  have  diificulty  in  getting  sufficient 
food.  On  the  twenty-third  week,  third  day,  in  order 
to  stimulate  the  flow  of  milk,  following  the  doctor's 
directions,  I  began  to  eat  cornmeal  porridge,  three 
times  a  day,  if  possible,  in  addition  to  the  other  regu- 
lar food,  and  to  drink  plent}^  of  liquids.  I  did  not  note 
when  I  began  these  practices,  but  from  one  cause  or 
another,  the  milk  began  flowing  in  sufficient  quantity, 
and  before  I  realized  it  the  baby  was  obviously  over- 
fed. I  found  this  out  one  evening  when  he  was  rest- 
less, and  I  kept  trying  again  and  again  to  nurse  him. 
I  thought  he  kept  turning  from  the  breast  because  he 
could  get  nothing,  whereas  it  must  have  been  because 
he  had  had  too  much. .  Finally,  after  we  had  spent  a 
night  of  little  sleeping  and  much  anxiety,  and  hoping 
that  the  fresh  air  would  put  him  to  sleep,  I  took  him 
to  the  roof  of  our  apartment.  It  was  about  4  o  'clock 
and  just  light  enough  so  I  could  see  him  clearly,  and 
then  I  realized  wh}^  he  had  been  so  restless.  His  face 
was  swollen,  particularly  about  the  eyes,  and  there 
was  a  faint  rash  over  the  stomach,  which  were  all  the 
evidences  I  wanted  to  prove  that  he  had  been  over- 
fed.   However,  we  both  slept  for  about  three  hours, 


Fig.  3.  "If  Moses  supposes  his  toeses  are  roses" 
brings  forth  peals  of  laughter.  (Age,  four  and  a 
half  months.) 


37 


38  Sow    I    KEPT    MY   BABY    WELL 

and  light  feeding  throngii  the  day  restored  normal 
conditions.  After  that  the  snx)ply  of  milk  was  sufii- 
cient  again  for  a  while.  This  irregularity  disturbed 
the  steady  progress  of  the  averages,  and  the  feces 
and  skin  also  showed  signs  of  disorder,  though  he 
continued  to  gain  in  weight  and  to  grow  stronger. 
II.     Details.     ( See  Chart  VI,  p.  40. ) 

1.  Number  of  meals  a  day.  From  six  meals  a  day 
the  increase  was  made  to  between  seven  and  eight, 
or  to  seven  meals  a  day,  if  we  omit  two  days  when  he 
was  fed  11  and  10  meals,  respectively. 

2.  Intervals  between  meals.  The  intervals  be- 
tween meals  received  a  decided  setback  this  month. 
Of  the  long  23eriods  there  Avere : 

10  intervals     5  hours  or  over. 


6       ' 

7       ' 

8       ' 

9       ' 

10       ' 

inters 

•al 

11       ' 

loner. 


The  34  long  periods  averaged  about  seven  and  one- 
half  hours,  about  one  hour  less  than  last  month,  and 
the  179  short  intervals  averaged  two  and  two-thirds 
hours,  one-third  of  an  hour  less  than  previous  month. 

3.  Diet.  The  length  of  time  at  the  breast  and 
nursing  were  increased  from  7  to  7.85  minutes  and 
from  3%  to  5  minutes. 

Water.     An  average  amount  of  two  and  one- 
half  ounces  of  warm  water  a  day  was  given. 

4.  Regurgitation  and  vomiting.  He  ate  for  a 
longer  time  than  last  month,  and  regurgitated  less, 
50  times,  average  one-half  tbs.  (25  tbs.  in  all;  pre- 
vious month  44  tbs.),  but  vomited  more,  68  times, 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  39 

average   two-thirds   tbs.    (44  tbs.   in   all;  previous 
month  31  tbs.). 

5.  Sleep.  He  was  sleeping  56%  of  the  total  time 
{liy2%  less  than  during  the  previous  month).  The 
average  was  brought  down  before  that  night  of  over- 
feeding, at  which  time  he  was  probably  hungry. 

6.  Feces.  The  feces  came  one  in  25  hours. 
Twelve  of  29  were  smooth  and  yellow;  nine  were 
caught  in  the  chamber.  The  disturbances  were  so 
slight  that  I  made  no  change  in  the  quantity  of  food 
eaten,  but  only  tried  to  put  myself  in  better  con- 
dition. Five  were  slightly  curdled;  seven  were 
slightly  greenish;  three  were  bright  yellow  (evidence 
of  excessive  fat,  and  as  they  came  after  I  had  been 
eating  the  cornmeal  it  was  in  all  probability  the  corn- 
meal  that  made  my  milk  too  fat) ;  six  were  both  cur- 
dled and  greenish,  two  of  which  were  traced  directly 
to  my  condition  (I  had  a  fever,  and  my  digestive  ajj- 
paratus  was  impaired,  probably  from  overeating) ; 
one  was  curdled,  greenish  and  partly  slimy.  This 
was  a  notoriously  hot  month,  and  I  have  thought  that 
possibl}^  some  of  these  irregularities  in  the  feces  were 
caused  indirectly  by  the  heat.  During  the  period  of 
overfeeding,  strange  as  it  seemed  to  me,  the  feces 
were  perfect.  The  only  waj^  I  can  account  for  this  is 
that  the  extra  water  and  other  liquid  food  I  was  tak- 
ing may  have  changed  my  milk  sufficiently  to  have 
affected  his  feces  favorably. 

7.  Skin.  His  skin  was  not  in  so  good  condition 
before  as  after  the  two  1)ad  days.  One  way  of  ac- 
counting for  this  was  the  increased  amount  of  water 
I  gave  him  and  the  increased  amount  of  liquids  I 
took  during'  the  second  half  of  the  month.     Four 


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E'ig.  4,    A  portrait  study,     (Age, 
five  and  three-quarter  months.) 


41 


42  HOAV    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

times  in  the  first  half  of  the  month  a  rash  appeared 
and  lasted  from  one  to  two  days,  but  these  rashes 
occurred  on  very  hot,  humid  days  when  there  was  no 
breeze  stirring  to  keep  the  skin  dry.  He  also  had  salt 
baths,  one  or  two  a  day,  according  to  the  weather  and 
his  condition.  They  seemed  to  prevent  or  alleviate 
the  rash.  His  cheeks  were  red  and  rongh,  and  evi- 
dently itched,  as  he  wonld  scratch  them  and  make 
them  sore,  so  that  scabs  formed.  During  the  second 
half  of  the  month  there  was  no  redness,  but  only  the 
dry  scabs  and  scratches,  and  the  scalp  was  a  little 
dry. 

8.  Cold.  Xo  sign  of  a  cold  appeared  during  the 
month. 

9.  Behavior.  His  behavior  averaged  half-w^ay 
between  excellent  and  good.  It  was  affected  unfa- 
vorably first  by  underfeeding,  then  by  overfeeding. 
The  first  time  that  he  showed  that  he  conld  be  cross 
was  during'  those  two  off  davs. 

10.  Crying.  He  cried  very  little,  on  an  average 
only  five  and  one-third  minutes  a  day,  while  about 
half  of  all  the  crying  occurred  during  the  week  and 
a  half  of  wrong  feeding. 

11.  Weight.  He  weighed  18Vii  pounds  on  the 
twenty-fourth  week,  second  day,  about  two  and  one- 
half  pounds  ahead  of  the  Holt  average,  and  a  gain  of 
one  and  one-half  j^ounds  over  last  month. 

12.  Physical  achievements.  From  the  twenty- 
second  to  the  twenty- third  week  he  was  sitting  up 
alone  for  from  three  to  ^xe  minutes.  (See  p.  176, 
Plate  I,  Fig.  6.)  On  the  twenty-third  Aveek,  second 
day,  he  had  his  first  ride  out-of-doors  in  his  carriage. 
He  was  out  for  an  hour  and  sat  up  alone  all  that  time. 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  43 

(See  photo,  p.  176,  Plate  I,  No.  11.)  On  the  twenty- 
third  week,  fifth  day,  when  I  put  my  fingers  in  front 
of  him  he  grasped  them  and  drew  himself  up  alone. 
He  kicks  and  splashes  in  his  tuh. 

13.  Eemarhs.  I  had  been  neglecting  to  give  him 
sufficient  water  to  drink.  The  attack  of  indigestion 
brought  me  to  mj  senses,  and  during  the  second  half 
of  the  month  he  had,  on  an  average,  13  teaspoonfuls 
of  warm  water  daily.  The  effects  on  the  skin  are 
noted  above. 

7.     Seventh  Month.     (August.)      (See   Chart  YII, 

Fig.  5.) 

An  Almost  Perfect  Month. 

I.  Brief  summary  or  the  month.  This  month 
records  no  serious  setbacks,  but  in  general  steady 
progress.  From  the  irregularities  of  underfeeding 
and  overfeeding  of  the  sixth  month  there  was  a  re- 
turn to  more  normal  averages.  He  stood  alone  this 
month. 

II.  Details.     ( See  Chart  VII,  p.  44. ) 

1.  Number  of  meals  a  day.  The  number  of  meals 
a  day  was  reduced  from  seven  and  one-half  to  five 
and  one-half;  the  fourth  month  had  been  about  six. 

2.  Intervals  between  meals.  During  the  fifth 
month  the  long  interval  between  meals  had  been  re- 
duced three-quarters  of  an  hour,  but  during  this 
montli  jumped  ahead  one  and  two-fifths  hours  more 
than  that  of  the  fifth  month  and  two  and  two-fifths 
more  than  that  of  the  sixth  month,  and  was  now  10 
hours.  The  short  interval  was  also  shortened  one- 
third  of  an  hour  during  the  sixth  month,  but  was  now 


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tbree-quarter  months.) 


(Age,    six   and 


45 


4:6  HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

back  to  the  record  of  the  fifth  month  (three  hours). 
There  was  a  decided  increase  in  the  length  of  long 
periods : 

3  inter vuls  were  5  hours  or  a  little  over. 


G 

4 

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9 

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4 

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The  33  long  periods  averaged  10  honrs,  the  136 
short  periods  three  hours. 

3.  Diet.  The  time  spent  at  the  breast  was  nine 
and  one-sixth  minutes,  one  and  two-fifths  minutes 
longer  than  the  previous  month,  and  the  time  spent 
nursing  was  seven  minutes,  two  minutes  longer  than 
the  previous  month.  He  had  an  average  of  six  and 
one-half  tea  spoonsful  of  warm  water  a  day. 

4.  Regurgitation  and  vomiting.  How  the  quan- 
tities of  food  eaten  compared  I  do  not  know,  but 
though  the  time  spent  inbibing  was  longer,  the 
amount  regurgitated  was  less — 27  times,  average 
one-third  tbs.,  or  nine  tbs.  in  all  (previous  month  25 
tbs.).  And  there  also  was  a  reduction  in  the  amount 
vomited — 49  times,  average  one-half  tbs.,  or  24i^  tbs. 
in  all  (previous  month  44  tbs.).  So  whether  the 
quantity  was  more  or  less,  he  was  digesting  it  better. 

5.  Sleep.  He  slejDt  about  60%  of  the  entire  day, 
an  improvement  of  3%  on  last  month's  record.  He 
generally  stayed  awake  after  tAvo  of  the  day-time 
feedings. 

6.  Feces.  Of  21  feces  in  31  days  (one  movement 
in  36  hours),  nine,  or  three-sevenths  of  the  total, 
were  perfect.    Only  three  were  caught  in  the  cham- 


Fig.  6.     "Auto-education"  begun.     This  desire  to  stand  alone  is 
liis  own  notion.     (Age,  six  and  a  half  months.) 


47 


48  HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

ber;  not  so  good  a  record  as  previous  month,  which 
was  9  ont  of  29.  Six  were  slightly  greenish;  five 
were  both  slightly  curdled  and  greenish,  and  one  was 
a  yellowish-green.  I  could  not  trace  the  cause  of 
these  irregularities,  but  they  were  very  slight,  and 
disappeared  without  giving  any  further  trouble.  It 
was  about  this  time  that  I  noticed  that  the  movements 
after  the  long  intervals  were  quite  likely  to  be  per- 
fect. Six  of  the  nine  perfect  feces  of  this  month  came 
after  an  interval  of  about  two  days. 

7.  SMu.  The  skin  was  in  good  condition  all  the 
month,  except  for  a  little  soreness  of  the  scalp  for  the 
first  week  and  a  slight  rash  on  three  days,  and  for  a 
little  dryness  of  the  flesh  on  two  days,  which  was 
quickly  remedied  with  white  vaseline. 

8.  Cold.  No  cold  symptoms  appeared  during  the 
month. 

9.  Behavior.  In  behavior  he  came  within  one- 
eighth  of  being  excellent. 

10.  Crying.  On  six  occasions  I  am  sure  he  cried 
for  company  (Chart  VII, ' '  F")  after  he  had  been  put 
to  bed.  However,  he  was  not  taken  up  nor  talked  to, 
but  was  allowed  to  ''cry  it  out"  and  to  go  to  sleep, 
which  he  did  in  from  5  to  15  minutes.  Even  counting 
in  these  periods,  he  cried  on  an  average  of  only  iwe 
minutes  a  day. 

11.  Weight.  He  weighed  18.7  pounds,  about  two 
and  one-half  pounds  above  the  Holt  average. 

12.  Physical  achievements.  As  for  his  physical 
development,  he  was  making  rapid  progress.  The 
day  he  was  six  months  old,  as  he  lay  on  his  back  in 
his  basket  (as  in  PI.  I,  No.  14,  p.  176),  he  kicked  a  tin 
pan  for  about  an  hour  almost  steadily.    On  the  twen- 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  49 

ty- seventh  week,  second  day,  he  stood  alone  several 
times  by  his  basket.  (See  photo.  Fig.  6,  and  p.  178, 
PL  II,  No.  1.)  Once  I  counted  to  13  while  he  was 
standing  there.  He  takes  every  opportunity  to  get 
hold  of  something  to  try  to  pull  himself  up  on  his 
feet.  By  the  twenty-eighth  week  he  was  pulling  him- 
self up  alone  to  a  standing  position.  The  twenty- 
eighth  week,  fifth  day,  I  put  a  blanket  and  pillows  on 
the  floor,  and  he  tumbled  and  rolled  about  there.  This 
day  he  moved,  by  rolling,  a  distance  of  three  feet. 

8.    Eighth  Month.     (September.)     (See  Chart  VIII 

and  Fig.  7.) 

Brief  summary  or  the  month.  This  was  another 
month  of  general  progress,  though  he  did  not  gain 
in  weight,  in  fact,  he  lost  a  trifle,  and:  twice  during 
the  month  there  were  irregularities  lasting  about  a 
week  each.  The  first  of  these  (thirty-first  week,  first 
day,  to  thirty-first  week,  fifth  day)  came  very  near 
being  a  repetition  of  the  sixth  month's  trouble — ex- 
cessive feeding — but  before  any  great  harm  was 
done  I  suspected  that  his  crying  was  not  for  more, 
but  for  less  food.  At  any  rate,  as  soon  as  I  cut  down 
the  quantity  of  food  and  omitted  the  night  feeding 
there  was  no  further  trouble.  The  chart  shows  the 
return  to  long  night  naps  and  fewer  meals  a  day  after 
thirty-first  week,  sixth  day,  when  these  first  reduc- 
tions were  made. 

The  second  irregularity  occurred  from  the  thirty- 
third  week,  second  day  to  the  thirty-third  week,  sixth 
day,  when  he  would  wake  every  night  about  3  o'clock. 
He  did  not  cry  and  he  was  not  cross,  but  he  was  not 


60 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IX    DETAIL  51 

sleepy.  Water  did  not  satisfy  liim,  and  as  there  were 
no  evidences  of  overfeeding,  I  fed  him,  after  which 
he  always  went  to  sleep  and  finished  out  his  rest.  1 
thought  that  perhaps  he  was  sleeping  so  much  in  the 
daytime  that  he  was  not  sleepy  at  night,  but  that 
would  not  account  for  his  going  to  sleep  again  after 
feeding  at  3  o'clock,  so  I  had  to  conclude  that  this  was 
a  true  instance  of  under-feeding.  And  the  cause  of 
that  was  to  be  found  in  the  milk  supply.  This  would 
have  been  the  right  time  to  have  begun  to  wean  him, 
but  I  was  very  anxious  not  to  introduce  the  new  food 
till  the  warm  weather  was  well  past,  so  I  still  nursed 
him,  at  the  risk  of  underfeeding,  and  avoided  the 
risks  of  j)repared  food. 

9.     Ninth  Month.''    (October.)     (See  Chart  IX.) 

llie  Beginnhig  of  Weaning. 

Beief  summary  of  the  month.  This  was  a  month 
of  problems.  The  baby's  customary  long  night  naps 
were  broken  two-thirds  of  the  nights,  so  that  he  was 
sleeping  only  54%  of  the  total  time,  as  against  58% 
of  the  j)revious  month.  He  was  nursing  two  minutes 
longer  at  each  meal  than  during  the  previous  month 
(101/4  minutes  per  meal),  and  I  had  begun  to  give 
other  food  in  a  bottle,  average  six  and  one-half 
ounces,  59  meals,  out  of  195.  (For  formulas,  see 
chart.)  The  feces  were  coming  almost  twice  as  fast 
as  during  the  previous  month  (one  in  14 1/^  hours) ; 
he  was  crying  nine  minutes  a  day,  on  an  average, 


*The  regular  order  of  writing  up  the  13  items  is  omitted  tliis 
time  to  avoid  repetition. 


Fig.  7.    Studying  a  new  toy.     (Age,  eight  and  a  quarter  months.) 


52 


o  -r 

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o  ^ 

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+j  r' 

cj  .in 

hi 

if 


'00    'Ji 

^  a 
^  =^ 
^   a 

>.^ 

O    •? 

^  3 

'2  ^ 

Ml    S 

.2  ^ 

fl    o 


53 


54  HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY    WELL 

wliicli  was  nine  times  as  mucli  as  the  previous  month, 
and  his  flesh  was  a  little  rough  and  itchy.  On  the 
other  hand,  he  regurgitated  but  very  little — one  and 

NINTH  MONTH. 

Note:  The  vertical  line  that  has  a  short  horizontal  line  at  top 
indicates  bottle  feeding. 

34  W.  5  D.  Awoke  at  2.45  A.  M.,  and  again  at  midnight  of  that 
daj^  Difficult  to  account  for  this  wakefulness.  Is  he  overfed, 
hungry,  wet  or  cold?  He  went  to  sleep  again  after  being  fed,  but 
awoke  again  after  the  12  o'clock  feeding  and  cried  for  about  an 
hour.  I  gave  him  water,  but  did  not  feed  him,  and  he  finally  went 
to  sleep. 

35  W.  Awoke  twice,  but  was  not  fed.  The  first  time  Avent  to 
sleep  again ;  the  second,  waited  patiently  for  half  an  hour  for  din- 
ner, and  did  not  seem  hungry.  Seemed  dissatisfied  after  7.30  meal, 
so  fed  him  again  at  8.30. 

35  W.  2  D.  Another  problem-night.  Awoke  twice.  Gave  him 
warm  water  and  warm  bath,  but  he  would  not  go  to  sleep,  so  I 
finally  gave  dinner. 

35  W.  1  D.  I  believe  the  cause  of  his  recent  wakefulness  is  dis- 
covered. I  have  been  taking  long  walks  with  him  afternoons,  and 
have  used  up  my  milk.  Yeserday  (35  W.)  instead  of  walking  about 
we  sat  on  the  roof,  and  in  addition  to  that,  I  drank  cocoa,  hot  milk 
and  water,  and  ate  cornmeal,  so  he  had  an  abundant  supper,  and 
went  straight  to  sleep.  At  11  o'clock  I  changed  his  diaper  without 
waking  him.  and  he  did  not  wake  until  4.30  A.  M.,  an  interval  of 
111/4  hours.  I  fed  him  then,  and  again  he  slept;  moreover,  he  took 
another  nap  between  9  o'clock  and  12  o'clock.  For  once  I  feel 
certain  that  he  was  restless  because  he  was  hungry. 

35  W.  3  D.  An  "off"'  day.  Possibly  some  peaches  I  ate  for  supper 
disturbed  the  milk.  If  this  is  not  the  cause,  then  I  do  not  know 
whether  the  trouble  is  from  too  little  or  too  much  food. 

35  W.  6  D.  Aly  milk  is  evidently  no  longer  tO'  be  depended  upon, 
so  I  have  decided  to  begin  today  with  modified  cow's  milk,  follow- 
ing as  far  as  practicable  Holt's  formulas.  (See  Chart  IX  (con- 
tinaed)  for  fonnulas  used.)  Having  prepared  the  bottle,  I  waited 
till  he  was  very  hungry,  then  gave  it  to  him.  but  he  refused  to  have 
anything  to  do  with  it.  When  I  put  it  to  his  mouth  he  cried  harder 
than  he  has  ever  cried.  Twice  I  took  him  to  the  roof  to  calm  him. 
After  a  while  he  became  interested  in  chewing  the  nipple,  and  while 
he  was  playing  with  it  I  managed  to  squeeze  a  few  drops  into  his 
mouth.  Finally  he  began  to  suck ;  then  all  was  calm ;  he  drank 
contentedly  and  peacefully  and  went  to  sleep. 

3G  W.  Cried  for  three-quarters  of  an  hour  before  3.15.  Would 
not  take  warm  water,  but  went  to  sleep  after  being  fed.     Cried 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  55 

one-quarter  tbs.  the  entire  month,  though  he  vom- 
ited 27  times,  average  one-half  tbs.  (13.5  tbs.  in  all). 
Thirty- two  out  of  51  feces  were  perfect ;  15  were  only 

two  niinutes  till  fed  at  10  o'clock,  A  happier  day  and  more  sleep. 
I  believe  he  had  not  been  getting  enough  to  eat.  New  food  appar- 
ently digesting  fairly  well ;  feces  only  a  little  curdled  and  a  little 
green,  but  no  vomiting  or  regurgitation. 

36  W.  1  D.  Another  problem.  What  is  the  cause  of  the  restless 
nights?  Is  he  hungry,  surfeited  or  otherwise  in  pain?  After  2 
A.  M.  he  was  fed  a  little,  regurgitated  a  little,  was  not  hungry, 
but  could  not  go  to  sleep.  I  concluded  that  he  had  had  enough  to 
eat  and  had  no  pain,  but  Avhy  did  he  not  go  to  sleep?  However,  he 
did  go  to  sleep  after  a  small  meal  at  4.30,  and  again  at  10  o'clock 
as  soon  as  fed.  A  perfect  feces  came  at  8  o'clock,  after  an  interval 
of  24  hours,  but  at  12  o'clock  another  came,  which  was  slightly 
curdled  and  greenish.  It  is  difficult  to  draw  conclusions  when  the 
evidences  are  so  contradictory.  And  always  it  is  possible  that  his 
teeth  trouble  him  and  keep  him  awake.  However,  I  must  decide 
how  to  feed  him  tomorrow.  I  shall  give  him  two  bottlefuls,  as 
he  always  sleeps  after  the  bottle  feedings,  but  shall  wake  him  if 
he  sleeps  too  long. 

3G  W.  2  D.  Decided  to  change  plans.  After  first  bottleful  he 
slept  so  soundly  for  2^1  hours  that  I  did  not  wake  him.  But  he 
did  not  sleep  again  all  day.  I  gave  the  second  bottleful  at  5.45, 
after  which  he  slept  till  10  o'clock,  when  he  was  again  hungry, 
and  was  fed  a  very  little  (5  minutes),  and  again  at  4  o'clock  for 
0  minutes.  (He  has  just  formed  the  habit  of  sucking  from  the 
bottle.  For  the  preceding  four  times  he  would  bite  and  snap  the 
rubber  first.) 

36  W.  3  D,  The  fact  that  he  sleeps  so  soundly  and  seems  so 
contented  after  taking  the  prepared  food,  and  that  the  feces  are 
good,  if  not  quite  perfect,*  lead  me  to  decide,  at  least  tentatively, 
to  continue  to  increase  the  quantity  and  quality  of  his  food  by 
giving  more  bottle  feedings.  After  3  o'clock  meal,  restless,  and  not 
sleepy  when  put  down.  After  6.15,  cried,  was  fed  again  and  went 
to  sleep. 

36  W.  5  D.  Beginning  again  to  act  like  his  o\\n  self.  1  must 
have  been  underfeeding  him. 

36  W.  6  D.  Too  many  feces.  However,  they  are  smooth  and 
yellow,  and  not  loose  and  not  much  at  a  time.  This  would  seem  to 
indicate  that  he  is  eating  too  nuicli,  yet  twice  today  he  still  seemed 
hungry  after  meals.  To  strike  the  right  balance  is  my  problem. 
Of  course,  his  teeth  may  be  the  disturbing  element. 

37  W.  A  very  good  day.  Tried  to  pull  through  without  the  night 
feeding,  but  had  to  feed  him  at  12  o'clock. 


♦From  h(M-c  on  in  the  charts,  "L"  under  feces  means  loose. 


56  HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

slightly  curdled,  greenish  or  loose,  and  only  four 
were  curdled  badly,  green  and  slimy.  He  weighed 
19.3  pounds,  an  increase  of  0.8  pound.    Again  and 

37  W.  1  D.  Feces  still  too  frequent,  and  beginning  to  be  loose. 
Shall  reduce  quantity  and  quality,  and  leave  out  barley.  (I  had 
not  yet  learned  the  value  of  barley  in  restoring  normality  after  the 
tendency  had  been  toward  the  loose  feces.) 

37  W.  4  D.  Yesterday  and  today  bluish  under  the  eyes,  and 
cheeks  pale.  Threw  up  very  sour  curds  after  1.30.  Three  feces 
came  close  together.  Evidently  over-fed  or  food  too  rich.  Have 
cut  down  the  number  of  meals,  w^hich  was  easy,  because  he  was 
not  hungry  (two  bottles  instead  of  three  or  four).  Have  increased 
the  water  and  omitted  barley.    Color  in  cheeks  better  tonight. 

38  W.  Feces  normal  again.  Have  given  more  warm  water,  and 
have  diluted  food,  because  the  red  spot  on  the  eye,  the  itchy  face 
and  the  rapid  increase  in  weight  seem  to  indicate  too  much  or  too 
rich  food. 

38  W.  2  D.  He  still  wakes  during  the  night.  I  would  let  him 
cry  it  out  were  it  not  for  the  neighbors.  Feces  bad.  Omitted 
barley.  Later  I  found  out  it  would  have  been  better  had  I  omitted 
the  milk. 

38  W.  3  D.  Fever.  Called  Dr.  Caldwell.  Upon  his  advice  I 
gave  a  hot  bath  (108°),  eight  gray  powder  tablets  every  half  hour, 
one  tsp.  castor  oil,  omitted  artificial  food,  tried  to  starve  him 
awhile,  and  between  the  breast  meals  to  give  very  dilute  barley 
gruel.  He  woke  three  or  four  times  during  the  night,  but  soon  went 
to  sleep  again  without  feeding. 

38  W.  4  D.  Temperature  normal  at  3  P.  M.,  two  loose  movements 
from  the  castor  oil.  Feeling  lively  again  this  afternoon.  I  tried 
giving  him  barley  between  the  breast  meals,  as  the  physician  ad- 
vised, but  he  refused  it. 

38  W.  5  D.  He  is  again  in  excellent  condition.  Would  not  take 
barley  plain,  so  added  a  little  milk,  sugar  and  limewater ;  then 
he  took  it  and  went  to  sleep  immediately.  From  10.45  to  12  P.  M. 
he  refused  the  bottle  and  cried  intermittently  when  not  diverted. 
Finally,  I  submitted  and  gave  him  a  breast  meal. 

39  W.  W^oke  twice,  but  went  to  sleep  without  being  fed.  A  per- 
fect day. 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  57 

again  when  lie  seemed  restless,  I  tried,  as  I  had  be- 
fore, to  satisfy  him  with  water,  but  generally  he 
would  not  be  contented  until  he  had  had  his  full  meal. 
The  climax  came  on  the  thirty-eighth  week,  third  day, 
with  a  fever  and  bad  feces,  when  as  an  experiment  I 
left  the  barley  out  of  his  food.  (I  had  not  yet  learned 
the  value  of  barley.)  The  fever  was  broken  up  in 
about  24  hours  by  castor  oil  and  gray-powder  tablets. 
A  fast  and  breast  meals  restored  normal  conditions. 

Though  his  teeth  did  not  get  through  until  the 
eleventh  month,  they  were  beginning  to  show,  and  I 
suspect  that  some  of  the  irregularities  of  this  month 
might  have  been  caused  by  teething. 

As  for  his  ph^'^sical  development,  he  continued  try- 
ing to  get  up  on  his  feet  at  every  opportunity,  and 
while  standing  beside  a  chair,  he  enjoyed  having  me 
put  my  hands  under  his  feet  and  raise  and  lower  him 
while  lie  kept  his  body  erect  and  firm.  (See  photo- 
graph, p.  178,  Plate  11,  No.  10.)  He  learned  to  man- 
age his  baby-tender  so  well  that  he  could  play  hide- 
and-seek  with  me  on  the  roof.  (See  photograph,  p. 
178,  Plate  II,  No.  6.)  He  could  hold  his  own  weight 
by  hanging  from  a  stick  (see  photograph,  p.  178, 
Plate  II,  No.  8)  or  from  the  clothesline  (see  photo- 
graph, p.  178,  Plate  II,  No.  4). 

So,  in  spite  of  his  little  irregularities,  he  was  mak- 
ing progress  and  gradually  being  weaned.  From  one 
bottle  feeding  a  day,  he  had  gradually  passed  to  four 
out  of  the  six  or  seven  meals. 

As  it  is  difficult  to  make  an  adequate  summary  of 
the  various  problems  of  this  month  and  to  avoid  un- 
necessary repetitions,  they  are  stated  in  the  notes 
accompanying  Chart  IX : 


c 

s    ^ 

^  it 

^  r 

1^  , 

36W.2i).- 
i6W33).- 

— sio 

if 

- 

•ft 

■  — 

■ 

" 

37W.  iJ).  - 



i7\v  Aj?.  - 



— 

37W.52!- 



— 

— 

— 

37W62)- 
36W.     : 

38W/i).j 

38W.3J3: 

3SW63).; 
39W.     • 

■ 

— 

— 

/ 

//A^'^i 

>i^4^ 

iZi4£6 

/Z345&VB 

Chart  IX  (continued).    Formulas  for 

bottle  feedings,  adapted  from  Holt. 
1*  First  Series,  Formula  V.  Holt. 
2*  Third  Series,  Formula  II.  Holt. 
3*  Third  Series,  Formula  IV.  Holt. 


58 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  59 

10.     Tenth  Month.    {November,)     (See  Chart  X  and 

Fig.  8.) 

Weaning  Completed. 

1.  Brief  summary  of  the  month.  During  this 
month  the  weaning  was  completed,  and,  I  might  add, 
without  any  inconvenience  to  me.  As  in  the  previous 
month,  I  continued  to  reduce  the  number  of  breast 
meals,  while  increasing  the  number  of  prepared 
meals.  On  the  whole,  I  was  solving  the  problem  of 
his  food  better  than  during  the  previous  month,  so 
that  in  the  matters  of  sleep,  behavior,  the  number  of 
and  intervals  between  meals,  and  the  number  and 
character  of  feces,  there  was  an  improvement  over 
the  preceding  month.  On  the  other  hand,  he  re- 
gurgitated and  vomited  the  least  bit  more,  and  had 
a  cold  in  the  head  and  a  cough,  which  interfered  with 
his  sleeping  and  made  him  cry  considerably.  His 
crying,  however,  during  both  this  and  the  previous 
month  may  have  been  partly  caused  by  his  teeth,  two 
of  which  were  beginning  to  show  white  through  the 
gums. 

II.     Details.    (See  Chart  X,  p.  60.) 

T.  Nimiher  of  meals  a  day.  The  number  of  meals 
a  day  was  reduced  from  six  to  ^Ye  (Holt  advises 
six). 

2.  Intervals  between  meals.  The  intervals  be- 
tween meals,  both  day  and  night,  were  lengthen d — 
the  day  interval  from  three  to  three  and  one-half 
hours,  the  night  interval  from  seven  and  two-fifths 
to  eight  and  two-fifths  hours. 

3.  Diet.  The  time  at  the  breast  (only  33  breast 
meals  were  given)  was  increased  from  13%  to  14 


60 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  61 

minutes,  and  the  time  nursing  from  IOV2  to  12  min- 
utes (both  of  which  increases  may  be  accounted  for 
by  the  fact  that  my  milk  was  flowing  less  vigorously). 
Holt  advises  not  more  than  20  minutes.     The  re- 

TENTH  MONTH. 

39  W.  1  D.  AAvake  from  3  A.  M.  to  4  A.  M.,  cried,  ^Yas  restless, 
but  was  not  fed. 

39  W.  2  D.    Awake  for  a  minnte  or  two,  but  was  not  fed. 

39  W.  5  D.    Awake  for  one-balf  hour,  but  was  not  fed. 

40  W.  Fed  at  3  A.  M.  to  relieve  pressure  on  mj-  breasts.  A 
breast  pumii  would  have  better  served  the  purpose. 

40  W.     Feces  loose,  so  omitted  one  meal  (afternoon). 

40  W.  1  D.    Woke  twice,  fretted  for  a  time,  then  went  to  sleep. 

40  W.  4  D.  Woke  at  1  A.  :M.,  3  A.  M.  and  4  A.  M.  Cried  a  little, 
but  went  to  sleep. 

40  W.  5  D.  Woke  three  times ;  cried  himself  to  sleep.  Had  two 
feces,  close  together,  and  a  slight  cold.  I  surmised  he  was  getting 
too  much  to  eat,  so  cut  down  food,  gave  two  meals  of  plain  barley 
and  water.  At  8.30  A.  M.  gave  1  tsp.  castor-oil  and  1  tsp.  orange 
juice.     Better  by  evening,  breathing  through  nose. 

40  W.  6  D.  An  excellent  night.  When  he  awoke  at  4  A.  M.  I 
gave  him  a  drink  of  warm  water  in  his  bottle,  and  he  went  to  sleep 
again  at  once. 

41  W.    Another  good  night.    Gave  2  oz.  warm  water  at  4  o'clock. 

41  W.  2  D.  Woke  at  3  A.  M.,  cried,  would  not  be  satisfied  with 
water,  so  was  fed. 

41  W.  3  D.  Woke,  cried,  did  not  want  water  ;  finally  was  given 
breast  meal  and  then  went  to  sleep.  Color  is  good  ;  eyes  are  big 
and  bright;  sits  up  straight  in  carriage. 

41  ^Y.  5  D.  Fed  at  12  midnight,  but  could  not  sleep.  Cold  bad ; 
head  stopped  up ;  coughed.  Went  to  sleep  after  nose  was  sprayed 
with  mucol. 

41  W.  0  D.  One  ounce  warm  water  and  a  feeding  at  3.30  A.  M. 
After  I  had  fed  him  I  felt  certain  he  did  not  require  that  food. 

42  W.  Ilis  cold  keeps  him  awake  again.  Gave  castor-oil  at 
8  A.  M.  At  5  P.  M.  put  droi)s  (menthol  and  albolene.  Dr.  McCast- 
line's  ])rescription)  in  nose. 

42  W.  1  D.  Again  awake  at  3.30  A.  M.,  and  again  fed,  which  I 
now  believe  was  a  wrong  thing  to  have  done. 

42  W.  2  T).  Awake  from  3.30  A.  M.  to  5  A.  M.,  coughed,  was 
restless,  had  drops  j>ut  in  nose  and  was  fed,  the  latter  probably 


62  HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY   WELL 

maining  124  |)repared  meals  averaged  6.3  ounces.  I 
am  able  now  to  compare  the  quantity  exactly  with 
Holt.  Five  ineals  a  day,  averaging  6.3  ounces  a  meal, 
amounts  to  31i/o  ounces  in  24  hours.    Holt  advises, 

unnecessary.  Hash  on  hodj.  Evidently.  I  had  not  reached  the 
canse  of  his  trouble,  and  though  his  cold  and  rash  were  slight,  I 
called  Dr.  Caldwell  for  advice.  He  advised  a  mustard  bath,  which 
relieved  the  baby's  head,  though  he  did  cough  some  after  it.  The 
physician  said  his  condition  was  not  alarming,  but  merely  an 
intestinal  disorder. 

42  W.  3  D.    Rash  gone.    Cold  much  better. 

42  W.  4  D.  Woke  coughing,  and  coughed  a  long  while.  Inhaled 
fumes  of  benzoin,  coughing  finally  stopped. 

42  W.  5  D.  Gave  third  dose  of  castor-oil,  because  the  feces  were 
a  little  greenish,  still  hoping  thereby  to  help  the  cold.  Cough  seems 
loose.     Possibly  it  is  whooping-cough. 

42  W.  G  D.    Best  night  for  about  a  week. 

43  W.  1  D.  Bad  feces  and  a  rash.  Gave  two  meals  of  barley 
and  water.  Very  much  better  today.  No  serious  coughing  for  two 
days.  Eager  to  walk ;  laughs  heartily.  Teeth  not  yet  through,  but 
bigger  and  plainer  in  the  gum.    I  believe  his  restlessness  has  been 

caused  ,in  part,  by  teething  pains. 

43  W.  2  D.    Rash  gone. 

43  AV.  3  D.  Have  discontinued  orange,  thinking  it  might  have 
caused  trouble  witli  feces.  Also  changed  nipple,  as  the  milk  was 
coming  too  fast.  Feces  perfect  again  today,  after  an  interval  of 
40  hours. 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  63 

from  the  ninth  to  twelfth  month,  35  to  45  ounces  in 
24  hours.  So  Leonard  was  getting  three  and  one- 
half  ounces  less  a  day  than  the  smallest  amount  Holt 
advises. 

The  formulas  for  these  meals  (see  Chart  X)  were 
determined  by  the  ''conditions  present"  before  each 
meal.  I  aimed  to  give  the  baby  just  as  much  as  he 
could  assimilate  well,  but  to  reduce  the  quantity  or 
to  weaken  the  quality  whenever  I  saw  what  seemed 
to  me  warrant  for  so  doing.  For  instance,  after  too 
frequent  feces,  or  a  disturbed  feces,  plain  barley  was 
given.  In  the  chart  thirty-ninth  week,  first  day  and 
second  day;  fortieth  week,  fifth  day,  to  forty-first 
week,  and  forty-third  week,  first  day,  to  third  day, 
illustrate  the  effect  of  plain  barley  on  the  feces.  The 
feces  became  perfect  and  less  frequent.  I  also  ex- 
perimented with  oatmeal.  From  the  fortieth  to  for- 
ty-first week,  which  was  the  week  preceding  the  one 
in  which  I  gave  the  oatmeal,  he  had  nine  movements ; 
during  the  week  in  which  he  had  oatmeal  (forty-first 
to  forty-second  week)  he  had  13  movements,  about 
two  a  day;  during  the  following  week  with  no  oat- 
meal he  had  11  for  the  week,  and  in  the  three  days 
following  that  week  (forty-third  week  to  forty- third 
week,  third  day),  when  barley  was  given  three  times 
plain,  he  had  only  three  movements,  or  only  one  a 
day.  This  meant  that  oatmeal  would  be  the  best 
food  for  him  should  he  be  inclined  to  be  constipated, 
but  he  had  not  yet  required  that  treatment.  Twice 
I  tried  prepared  wheat  flour,  but  noted  no  unusual 
effects.  I  did  not  continue  using  it,  because  the  bar- 
ley had  already  proved  so  satisfactory  that  I  kept 
to  it  alone  for  a  while  longer.    As  for  the  proportion 


64  HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY    WELL 

• 

of  milk  to  barley,  after  varying  these  and  noting 
results,  I  found,  by  about  the  middle  of  the  month, 
that  two  ounces  of  7%  milk  and  four  ounces  of  bar- 
ley, with  one-third  ounce  of  lime  Avater  and  one-quar- 
ter tbs.  milk  sugar,  gave  the  best  results.  When  the 
feces  were  curdled  or  greenish,  I  generally  reduced 
the  milk,  or  if  the  disturbance  was  very  bad  left  it 
out  altogether.  Three  times  during  the  month  I  gave 
him  castor  oil,  not  because  the  feces  were  bad,  but 
with  the  hope  of  breaking  up  his  cold  by  cleaning  out 
the  intestines.  This  method  did  not  succeed  in  this 
instance.    Local  application  was  needed. 

Again  and  again  I  tried  to  eliminate  the  night 
meal.  Six  times  he  fretted  for  a  time,  but  went  to 
sleep  without  being  fed.  Twice  he  fell  asleep  after 
taking  two  to  three  ounces  of  warm  water  instead  of 
food,  but  for  about  half  of  the  month  I  fed  him  when 
he  awoke,  between  6  P.  M.  and  6  A.  M.,  though  on 
three  of  these  occasions  I  tried  water  first. 

Water  and  orange  juice.  He  was  drinking  an  av- 
erage of  two  ounces  of  water  a  day  for  23  days,  and 
during  the  remaining  nine  days,  I  gave  him  some 
orange  juice  with  the  water,  averaging  one  and  one- 
eighth  ounces  a  day.  I  did  not  record  the  exact 
amount,  but  it  was  the  juice  of  half  ap  orange. 

4.  Regurgitation  and  vomiting.  He  regurgitated 
but  little,  three  and  one-half  tbs.  in  all,  though  this 
was  more  than  twice  as  much  as  during  the  previous 
month,  and  he  vomited  32  times,  an  average  of  one- 
half  tb.,  or  16  tbs.  in  all  (previous  month  13.5  tbs.). 

5.  Sleep.  As  would  be  expected,  he  was  sleeping 
better  than  during  the  previous  month — 56%  of  the 


Fig.  8.    Safe  in  the  fold.     (Age,  nine  and  three-fourths  months.) 


cr. 


66  HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY    WELL 

total  time — ^wMch  was  2%   more  than  during  tlie 
previous  month. 

6.  Feces.  There  was  a  decided  improvement  in 
the  number  of  feces,  one  in  21  hours,  instead  of  one 
in  14%  hours,  and  their  character  was  as  follows : 

Out  of  42,  27  were  perfect ; 

1  was  curdled  a  little  and  yellow  ; 

4  were  smooth,  but  greenish  yellow ; 

1  was  both  slightly  curdled  and  greenish  yellow ; 

G  were  smooth  and  yellow,  but  loose,  and  5  of  these 

were  caused  by  castor  oil. 
1  was  curdled,  greenish  yellow  and  loose. 
1  was  slightly  curdled  and  loose. 
1  was  smooth,  greenish  yellow  and  loose. 

7.  Skin.  As  for  the  condition  of  the  skin,  the 
sides  of  the  face  near  the  ear  continued  to  itch.  Cold 
cream  and  vaseline,  half  and  half,  or  zinc  ointment, 
would  often  heal  it,  but  it  would  no  sooner  be  well 
than  in  an  unguarded  moment  he  would  scratch  it 
sore  again.  He  did  this  nine  times.  I  hoped  that  as 
soon  as  the  food  was  right  the  face  would  get  well, 
but  at  the  same  time  I  tried  to  find  the  right  local 
treatment  for  the  sore  flesh — something  to  stop  the 
itching. 

8.  Cold.  A  cold  proved  to  be  the  difficult  prob- 
lem of  the  month.  It  began  in  the  second  week,  with 
only  a  slight  cold  in  the  head,  and  I  now  believe  that 
had  I  known  the  use  of  mucol  and  used  it  at  the  first 
sign  of  the  cold,  all  further  developments  would  have 
been  checked.  But  I  did  not  know  what  to  apply 
locally,  so  what  I  did  was  to  keep  his  bowels  free 
from  anything  that  might  be  causing  trouble  there, 
and  three  times  they  were  cleared  out  with  castor 
oik    Also  I  kept  him  out  of  doors  as  much  as  pos- 


NINE    TYPICAL   MONTHS   IN    DETAIL  67 

sible.  When  the  cold  had  lasted  for  nine  days  Dr. 
McCastline  suggested  dropping  menthol  and  albo- 
lene  in  the  nose,  and  I  tried  it,  much  to  the  baby's 
relief.  But  about  a  week  later  a  cough  developed, 
which  would  manifest  itself  at  night,  and  four  times 
I  had  to  use  the  fumes  of  benzoine  to  stop  the  cough- 
ing. Once  from  the  way  in  which  he  caught  his 
breath  I  feared  it  might  be  whooping-cough.  After 
this  I  rubbed  camphorated  oil  on  his  chest  a  few 
times  at  night  and  gave  him  two  mustard  baths.  By 
the  end  of  the  month  the  cold  was  practically  well. 

9.  Behavior.  His  behavior  (1.25)  was  not  as 
good  as  it  had  been  during  the  eighth  and  ninth 
months. 

10.  Crying.  He  cried  an  average  of  12  minutes 
a  day,  which  was  about  three  minutes  longer  than 
that  of  the  previous  month,  and,  judging  from  the 
fact  that  he  kept  putting  his  finger  in  his  mouth  so 
frequently,  I  feel  certain  that  much  of  his  crying  was 
due  to  teething  pains. 

11.  Weight.  His  weight  (18.7  pounds),  though 
he  lost  this  month  because  of  the  cold,  had  not  fallen 
below  the  Holt  standard;  in  fact,  was  about  even 
with  it. 

12.  Physical  achievements.  He  was  still  using 
every  opportunity  to  stand,  in  fact,  was  quite  at 
home  on  his  feet,  though  he  had  to  grasp  something 
to  keep  his  balance  (see  p.  178,  Plate  11,  No.  5). 

n.     Eleventh  Month.   {December.)    (See  Chart  XI.) 

Brief  summary  of  the  month.  This  is  even  a 
prettier  month  (considering  the  good-looking  chart 


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NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  69 

it  makes)  than  were  those  other  excellent  ones,  the 
fourth  and  seventh.  All  I  can  conclude,  is,  that 
though  three  teeth  came  tlirough,  none  of  them  was 
troublesome,  and  that  I  must  have  l)een  nearly  right 
in  the  control  of  food.  It  was  a  month  of  practically 
uninterrupted  progress. 

12.  Twelfth  Month.     (Januanj.)     (See  Chart  XII 

and  Fig.  10.) 

Brief  summary  or  the  month.  The  achievement 
of  this  month  was  Leonard's  learning  to  walk  abso- 
lutely alone.  (See  Fig.  9.)  He  accomplished  this 
just  two  days  before  he  was  a  year  old.  Aside  from 
this,  there  was  no  unusual  development  as  compared 
with  the  preceding  month. 

13.  Thirteenth  Month.     (Fehruary.)      (See  Chart 

xiri.) 

Brief  summary^  of  the  month.  This  was  another 
month  of  continued  growth.  The  passage  from  10% 
milk  toward  straight  milk  was  gradually  being  made. 

14.  Fourteenth  Month.  (March.)    (See  Chart  XIV.) 

Brief  summary  of  the  month.  This  was  another 
month  of  general  progress.  He  was  taking  straight 
milk.  A  few  meals  had  to  be  reduced  and  diluted  to 
rectify  slight  evidences  of  indigestion.  He  walks, 
runs  and  climbs  more  vigorously. 

15.  Fifteenth  Month.     {April.)     (See  Chart  XV.) 

Brief  summary  of  the  month.  Again  there  was 
progress  through  the  month.  The  particular  achieve- 


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Fig.  9.    He  taught  himself  to  walk  "all  alone"  before  he  was 
a  year  old.     (Age,  one  year.) 


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Fig.  10.     A   pleasing   diversion.     (Age,   eleven   and 
three-quarter  months.) 


73 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  iO 

raent.  however,  was  the  addition  of  wheat  (prepared 
flour),  farina  and  cream  of  wheat  to  his  menu.  A 
second  trial  jiroved  oatmeal  to  be  too  loosening  for 
the  feces.  A  slight  cold,  broken  up  within  two  days, 
and  a  j^rolonged  attack  of  vomiting  (the  first  of  the 
kind  he  had  had),  were  the  only  disturbances  of  the 
month. 

16.  Sixteenth  Month.     (May.)     (See  Chart  XVI.) 

Beief  summaky  of  the  month.  Nothing  very  un- 
usual developed  this  month,  but  the  feces  were  a  puz- 
zling problem.  Nine  times  the  diet  had  to  be  re- 
duced in  order  to  check  too  frequent  movements. 
The  cause  for  this  irregularity  may  have  been  the 
teeth,  for  I  concluded  his  teeth  pained  him  because 
he  drooled,  put  his  fingers  to  his  mouth,  and  occa- 
sionally fretted  and  cried.  Other  than  this,  there 
was  nothing  distinctive  in  the  month's  development. 

17.  Seventeenth  Month.  (June.)   (See  Chart  XYII.) 

Bkief  summary  of  the  month.  As  this  month 
marked  the  beginning  of  that  season  most  dreaded 
for  babies,  the  second  summer,  I  was  most  conscien- 
tious in  noting  every  irregularity  and  in  endeavoring 
to  keep  all  functionings  under  my  control,  and  but 
for  one  teething  disturbance  of  a  week's  duration, 
the  month  was  one  of  continued  gain.  (See  Figs.  11 
and  12.) 

18.  Eighteenth  Month.   (July.)    (See  Chart  XVIII.) 

Brief  summary  of  the  month.  Anothei-  uninter- 
rupted month  of  progress.     (See  Figs.  13  and  14.) 


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Fig    11.    Acquiring  skill  in  manipulating  a  spoon.     (Age, 
sixteen  and  three-fourtbs  months.) 


78 


NINE   TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  79 

To  his  menu  are  added  four  cereals — oatmeal,  hom- 
iny, wheatena  and  rice — and  zwiebach  is  given  regu- 
larly with  his  meals.  Also  four  dry  nights  stand  to 
his  credit,  and  he  is  beginning  to  ask  to  go  to  the 
toilet,  ''A,  a"  (a  as  in  ask). 

19.  Nineteenth  Month.   (August.)     (See  Chart  XIX 

and  Fig.  15.) 

Bkief  summaky  oe  the  month.  Another  month  of 
gain  in  all  details.  The  new  achievements  were  in 
the  line  of  bodily  activities.  He  walked  both  up  and 
down  six  flights  of  stairs,  holding  my  hand  and  some- 
times the  banister;  he  climbed  up  four  rungs  of  a 
ladder  (see  p.  180,  Plate  III,  No.  9;  climbed  all 
around  the  benches  in  the  park,  getting  down  safely 
alone  from  them,  and  tried  several  times  to  jump  up 
off  the  ground. 

20.  Tiventieth  Month.     {September.)     (See  Chart 

XX.) 

Bkief  summaky  of  the  month.  Two  periods  of 
about  two  days  each  were  the  only  exceptions  to  con- 
tinued progress  during  this  month.  A  hot  bath,  cas- 
tor oil,  a  reduction  of  the  diet  and  three  gray-pow- 
der tablets  broke  up  a  slight  fever  and  restored  nor- 
mal conditions  in  the  first  period  (nineteenth  month, 
first  week,  second  day,  to  nineteenth  month,  first 
week,  third  day).  In  the  second  (nineteenth  month, 
second  week,  to  nineteenth  month,  second  week,  sec- 
ond day)  a  slight  cold  in  the  head,  accompanied  by 
hoarseness,  was  broken  up  by  the  third  day  with  the 


Fig.  12,     Playing  on  the  roof.     (Age, 
sixteen  months. 


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86  HOAV    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

use  of  menthol  and  albolene,  mucol,  and  the  exclusive 
use  of  barley  as  the  cereal  in  the  diet. 

21.     Twenty-first  Month.     (October.)      (See  Chart 
XXI  and  Fig.  16.) 

1.  Bkief  summaky  or  the  month.  This  was  as 
near  a  perfect  month  as  one  could  wish  it  to  be.  A 
little  roughness  of  the  flesh  and  a  few  pimples  and 
one  attack  of  vomiting  were  the  only  irregularities 
noted,  and  progress  was  made  in  all  directions. 

II.  Details.  1.  Number  of  meals  a  day.  He  ate 
3.7  times  about  as  frequently  as  during  the  previous 
month,  3.8. 

2.  Intervals  between  meals.  The  intervals  varied 
but  little ;  the  long  one  was  shorter  by  .3  of  an  hour, 
or  went  back  to  13  hours,  and  the  short  one  increased 
.1  of  an  hour,  making  it  3.8  hours. 

3.  Diet.  The  total  amount,  10.2  oz.,  was  the  same 
as  for  the  previous  month,  but  the  milk,  6.85  oz.,  was 
an  increase  of  .65  oz.  over  the  previous  month,  and 
the  cereals  were  also  thicker,  barley  being  used  only 
six  times.  To  be  sure,  water  was  used  five  times,  aii 
average  of  2.4  oz.  (previous  month  three  times,  2.8 
oz.),  but  twice  this  was  to  soften  some  very  thick 
hominy  that  had  cooled  and  was  hard,  so  that  really 
only  three  meals  were  diluted  with  2.4  oz.,  less  than 
the  previous  month.  The  amount  of  cereal  used,  3.5 
oz.,  was  0.5  oz.  less  than  for  the  23revious  month,  but 
the  increased  thickness  meant  an  increase  rather 
than  a  decrease  in  value.  Of  the  cereals  used,  farina 
lead  the  list,  appearing  42  times  alone  and  3  times 
with  others  (previous  month  29  times  alone  and  4 


Fig.  15.     Portrait.     (Age,  eighteen   montbs.) 


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90 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  91 

witli  others) ;  wheatena  followed,  28  times  alone  and 
3  times  with  others.  Then  followed  rice,  16  times 
alone  and  once  with  others,  which  was  10  more  times 
than  in  the  previous  month.  Barley  came  fourth,  6 
times  alone,  or  22  times  less  than  in  the  previous 
month;  cream  of  wheat  next,  5  times,  and  last  hom- 
iny, used  4  times  alone  and  twice  with  others  (these 
two  last  were  used  about  the  same  during  the  pre- 
vious month).  So  again,  as  in  the  previous  month, 
the  slight  reduction  in  quantity  is  accompanied  by  a 
greater  relative  increase  in  qualit}^  One-half  tsp.  of 
granulated  sugar  was  added  to  each  meal,  and  a  piece 
of  zwiebach  was  given  each  time  (previous  month 
1.7  i3ieces) ;  also  for  30  meals  about  two-thirds  of  a 
slice  of  bread  each,  and  for  9  meals  an  egg  was  given. 
The  extra  things  tried — all  of  them  seemed  to  digest 
well — were  a  Japanese  rice  cake,  tapioca  23udding, 
rice  pudding,  custard  pudding  and  jelly. 

But  few  modifications  were  made  in  the  formulas 
to  correct  irregularities.  On  twentieth  month,  sec- 
ond week,  fifth  day,  the  baby  seemed  to  be  not  very 
hungry,  and,  as  I  attributed  his  loss  of  appetite  to 
excessive  eating,  barley  was  resorted  to  for  the  day. 
Also  the  afternoon  meal  (from  2  to  3  o'clock)  was 
generally  very  small,  or  was  omitted  (eight  times) 
when  he  was  not  hungry. 

Water  and  orange  juice  were  given  as  usual — 2.7 
oz.  of  water  a  day,  and  on  25  days,  2  oz.  of  orange 
juice  each. 

4.  Vomiting.  On  twentieth  month,  second  week, 
fourth  day,  2  tbs.  w^ere  vomited,  evidently  from 
an  overcrowded  stomach;  at  least  no  other  cause  was 
apparent, 


92  HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

5.  Sleep.  The  night  naps  lost  a  trifle.  From 
11.75  hours,  they  were  reduced  to  11.6  hours,  but  the 
day  naps  more  than  compensated,  with  a  gain  of  0.4 
of  an  hour ;  i.  e.,  they  were  2.7  hours. 

6.  Feces.  But  for  three  slightly  loose  feces,  the 
feces  were  perfect  throughout  the  month,  and  19  out 
of  44  were  caught  in  the  chamber. 

7.  Shin.  A  little  roughness  appeared  on  the  but- 
tocks, the  cause  of  which  I  could  not  ascertain.  It 
came  after  he  ate  some  meat  and  eg^^  or  it  may  have 
been  caused  by  an  excessive  amount  of  soap  being 
used  in  the  bath.  However,  after  its  first  appear- 
ance, it  grew  fainter,  and  in  about  a  week  it  disap- 
peared altogether.  At  another  time  a  few  piraples 
appeared  that  were  caused  by  the  feces  being  left  in 
the  diaper  against  the  flesh  for  a  few  minutes.  A 
little  zinc  ointment  soon  healed  them. 

8.  Cold.  No  sign  of  a  cold  appeared  during  the 
month. 

9.  Behavior.  The  high  average  attained  this 
month,  1.03,  was  reached  only  twice  before,  during 
the  tenth  and  during  the  seventeenth  months.  On 
three  occasions  when  he  fretted  he  stopped  after  hav- 
ing tannic  acid  rubbed  on  his  gums.  Twice  he  re- 
sented being  put  to  bed  when  guests  were  here.  Oth- 
erwise he  was  a  perfectly  contented  baby. 

10.  Crying.  The  teeth  brought  few  tears,  or  at 
least  tannic  acid  soon  stopped  his  crying.  In  all  he 
cried  about  15  minutes. 

11.  Weight.  He  weighed  27.6  lbs.  (2.6  lbs.  above 
the  Holt  average). 

12.  Physical  achievements.  Increasing  facility 
of  motion  was  shown  in  all  physical  activities.    He 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  93 

feeds  himself  with  no  assistance  now,  and  frequently 
with  no  one  watching  him,  and  spills  but  little  on 
his  bib. 

13.  Teeth.  The  twelfth  tooth  came  through — the 
lower,  right,  front  double  tooth,  the  last  of  the  four 
front  double  teeth. 

14.  Remarks.  In  trying  to  keep  his  thumb  out  of 
his  mouth  he  has  lost  some  sleep.  The  sucking  habit 
is  not  broken,  but  I  keep  the  thumb  out  of  his  mouth 
as  much  as  I  can. 

22.     Twenty -second  Month.     {November.)     (See 
Chart  XXII.) 

Beief  summary  of  the  month.  The  month's,  and 
practically  the  year's,  progress  (for  it  was  just  one 
year  ago,  at  nine  months,  that  he  had  his  last  set- 
back) was  interrupted  by  a  cold,  which  lasted  eight 
days  and  was  accompanied  for  a  day  by  a  fever.  His 
teeth  also  pained  him  during  this  period,  and  may 
have  been  a  cause  in  bringing  about  the  fever.  Dur- 
ing that  week,  the  third  w^eek  of  this  month,  the  diet 
was  considerably  reduced,  which  meant  a  general 
reduction  in  the  diet  averages  for  the  month;  but 
considering  the  averages  for  the  week  following  the 
cold  (the  last  week  of  the  month),  when  the  diet  re- 
turned to  a  normal  amount,  the  amounts  generally 
show  an  increase. 

23.     Tiveniy-ihird  Month.    {December.)    (See  Chart 

XXIII.) 

Brief  summary  of  the  month.  In  spite  of  a  little 
intestinal  irreguhirity  lasting  about  four  days,  and 


94 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  95 

a  cold  lasting  five  days,  tlie  month  generally  was  a 
good  one.  One  development  of  the  month  was  the 
transition  from  four  to  three  meals  a  day,  effected 
by  omitting  the  afternoon  meal,  making  a  long  after- 
noon j)eriod  from  dinner  to  supper  time.  An  evi- 
dence of  his  increasing  muscular  development  and 
control  is  shoTvm  in  his  walking  up  and  down  six 
flights  of  stairs,  holding  my  hand  and  the  banister. 
He  did  this  several  times.  A  few  dry  days  and  sev- 
eral dry  nights  also  show  a  gain  in  the  control  of 
excretion. 

24.     Twenty-fourth  Month.    {January.)     (See  Chart 
XXIV  and  Figs.  17,  18  and  19  [Prontispiecel). 

A  Bad  Teething  Month. 

I.  Bkief  summaky  or  the  month.  The  problem 
of  the  first  three  weeks  of  this  month  was  to  remedy 
the  loose  feces.  Those  foods,  such  as  oatmeal, 
shredded  wheat,  wheatena,  prunes  and  bread,  that 
tended  to  make  the  feces  loose  were  omitted, 
or  used  very  sparingly,  and  only  those  were  used 
that  heretofore  had  kept  the  feces  compact,  such 
as  barley,  farina,  cream  of  wheat  and  zwiebach.  Yet 
for  24  days  the  feces  remained  loose,  though  perfectly 
smooth,  a  good  yellow  in  color  and  reguhir  in  time. 
It  would  seem  as  if  the  cutting  of  the  eye  teeth  were 
the  cause.  The  right  eye  tooth  came  through  early 
in  the  month,  but  the  left  one  not  until  the  following 
month.  The  feces,  however,  became  perfect  before 
the  tooth  came  through.  From  several  indications 
I  know  that  cutting  this  tooth  pained  him.  He  drew 
in  his  lower  lip  and  held  the  upper  teeth  and  upper 


9G 


Fig.  17.  In  his  wheelbarrow  on  the  roof  he  carries 
great  loads  back  and  forth.  (Age,  twenty-  three 
and  a  lialf  months.) 


5J7 


1)8 


Fig.  18.     Off  for  a  trot  with   Daddy.     (Age, 
twenty-tliree  and  a  half  months.) 


99 


100  HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

lip  tiglit  over  it.  He  fretted,  or  even  cried,  and  asked 
to  have  the  tannic  acid  put  on  his  teeth,  which  always 
brought  relief. 

A  second  problem  appeared  in  the  third  week  of 
this  month  with  a  x)rolonged  attack  of  vomiting,  fol- 
lowed the  next  day  by  a  fever.  By  the  fourth  day 
castor  oil,  baths  and  gray-powder  tablets  had  re- 
stored normal  conditions ;  by  the  fifth  day  the  feces 
became  compact  again.  The  canse  was  probably 
overfeeding. 

11.  Details.  (See  Chart  XXIV,  p.  98.)  1. 
Number  of  meals  a  day.  The  habit  of  having  three 
meals  a  day  is  now  well  tixed.  When  he  wakes  in  the 
afternoon  he  has  orange  juice  and  water.  There  were 
five  four-meal  days  after  the  npset,  when  the  meals 
were  still  reduced  in  quantity,  so  that  little  and  often 
was  the  rule. 

2.  Intervals  hetiveen  meals.  Two  periods,  one  of 
23  hours  and  one  of  22  hours,  that  occurred  after  the 
siege  of  vomiting  bring  up  the  average  of  the  long 
period  from  13.8  hours  to  14.6  hours ;  but,  averaging 
the  first  three  normal  weeks,  it  is  a  trifle  less  than  the 
previous  month,  13.6  hours.  The  morning  interval 
averages  a  trifle  more,  3.7  hours  (previous  month  3.6 
hours),  and  the  afternoon  period  as  much  less  6.4 
hours  (previous  month  6.5  hours). 

3.  Diet.  No  new  foods  were  added  to  the  diet 
this  month  because  of  the  prevailing  looseness  of  the 
feces.  I  was  able  to  try  only  one  new  dish — beef  and 
barley  soup — toward  the  end  of  the  month.  I  am 
not  quite  sure  how  the  beef  digested,  as  three  of  the 
movements  following  were  curdled,  but  five  were 
smooth.  Of  the  regular  foods  he  had  about  the  same 
average  amount  of  milk,  6.4  oz.  (previous  month  6.3 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  101 

oz.),  and  less  water  was  added,  four  meals,  21/^  oz. 
(previous  month  11  meals,  2.8  oz.),  but  the  average 
for  the  first  three  weeks,  7.5  oz.,  shows  an  increase  of 
1.2  oz.,  the  largest  increase  made  in  any  one  month. 
Possibly  it  was  this  excessive  amount  of  milk  that 
disturbed  the  intestines.  Once  I  tried  boiling  milk 
(though  this  makes  the  proteid  harder  to  digest) ; 
again,  I  added  lime  water  to  the  milk,  but  even  this 
did  not  correct  the  looseness.  Condensed  milk  was 
given  one  morning  when  the  regailar  milk  failed  to 
arrive  in  time.  The  cereal,  as  well  as  the  milk,  also 
increased  over  the  previous  month,  3.4  oz.,  85%  of 
the  meals  (previous  month  3.2  oz.,  80%  of  the  meals), 
and  the  amount  for  the  first  three  weeks  was  a  still 
greater  increase,  3.85  oz.,  92%  of  the  time.  But  as 
barley  took  the  lead  among  the  cereals,  this  seemingly 
high  increase  is  not  so  high  in  value  as  the  figures 
would  indicate.  The  cereals  were  confined  chiefly  to 
the  three  that  hitherto  had  kept  the  feces  compact. 
Barley  was  used  38  times,  farina  12,  cream  of  wheat 
11,  rice  10,  wheatena  9  (mostly  before  and  after  the 
feces  were  loose),  hominy  three  times  and  shredded 
wheat  once,  the  last  meal  of  the  month.  Granulated 
sugar  was  used  as  before,  0.5  tsp.  to  a  normal  meal, 
and  was  reduced  relatively  to  the  size  of  a  meal.  Be- 
fore the  vomiting  began  about  one  egg  a  day  was 
given,  but  none  was  given  after  that.  Prunes,  since 
they  tended  to  loosen  the  feces,  were  almost  entirely 
omitted  for  the  month,  only  six  being  given.  Zwie- 
bach  was  the  standard  bread  for  the  month,  about 
one  piece  for  each  meal ;  for  10  meals  it  was  used  in 
the  milk  in  place  of  a  cereal.  But  little  bread  was 
given,  one  slice  for  each  of  13  meals,  because  I  was 
none  too  sure  how  bread  was  digesting.    Ten  times  a 


102  HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

slice  of  dried  bread  was  given;  I  was  as  sure  of  this 
digesting  as  of  zwiebacli.  ''Educator'^  crackers 
were  nsed  about  8  times,  an  average  of  3i/4  each  time. 
Of  the  extra  foods,  macaroni  cooked  with  beef  was 
given  4  times,  about  4  oz.  each  time ;  1  tsp.  of  jelly 
once.  Twice  beef  and  barle^^^  soup  were  tried  and 
once  rice  (3  oz.)  cooked  with  chicken.  The  beef  and 
barley  soup  was  the  only  one  of  these  extra  foods 
about  the  digestibility  of  which  I  was  not  quite 
certain. 

This  was,  then,  largely  a  month  of  modifications, 
because  the  diet  had  to  be  confined  to  those  foods  that 
tend  to  make  the  feces  compact.  The  average  quan- 
tity, however,  was  equal  to,  or  greater  than,  that  of 
the  previous  month,  but  during  the  third  week  all 
the  meals  were  reduced  in  quantity. 

Orange  and  water  were  given  when  he  awoke  in 
the  afternoon,  averaging  on  17  days  2  oz.  of  water  a 
day,  and  on  22  days  1.8  oz.  of  orange  juice.  That 
night  when  he  was  vomiting  he  was  very  thirsty,  and 
drank  all  I  would  give  him.  All  but  the  last  drink, 
the  fourth  one,  was  thrown  up.  On  the  following  day 
he  was  still  thirsty,  so  that  in  those  two  days  he  had 
about  37  oz.  of  water.  These  quantities  were  so  un- 
usual they  have  not  been  figured  in  the  general 
average. 

Medication.  Four  times  a  tsp.  of  castor  oil  was 
given — twenty-third  month,  second  day;  twenty-third 
month,  first  week,  third  day;  twenty-third  month, 
third  week,  first  day  and  second  day.  The  first  time 
in  order  to  break  up  a  cold  and  to  correct  feces;  the 
second  time  to  clear  out  the  intestines  so  that  the 
feces  would  harden;  the  third  time  to  carry  off  the 
trouble-maker  after  he  had  vomited.    The  l^gt  dose 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  103 

was  soon  thrown  up,  and  again,  on  the  day  following 
the  vomiting,  another  tsp.  was  given,  which  was  re- 
tained and  which  did  hel^J  to  clean  out  the  intestines. 
Three  times  gray  powder  tablets  were  nsed.  The 
first  time,  twenty-third  week,  second  day,  the  fever- 
ishness  disappeared  after  only  one  had  been  given, 
though,  of  conrse,  this  one  pill  had  not  been  the  cause 
of  the  fever's  sudden  disappearance.  On  another 
similar  occasion  two  pills  were  given,  after  which  the 
feverishness  disajopeared.  This  was  on  the  night 
of  the  long  vomiting.  The  third  dose  was  given  the 
day  following  the  long  vomiting,  when  I  found  his 
temperature  to  be  103°.  Four  pills  were  given  that 
night,  at  5  P.  M.,  10  P.  M.,  2  A.  M.  and  5  A.  M.,  and 
were  followed  in  the  morning  (twenty-third  month, 
third  week,  third  day)  by  tAvo  bad  movements,  evi- 
dently^ a  final  cleaning  out  of  the  intestines.  To 
assist  in  relieving  the  intestinal  trouble  an  enema 
was  given  at  8.30  A.  M.,  following  the  first  of  these 
movements,  and  another  at  10.30  A.  M.,  after  the  sec- 
ond movement.  Four  sponge  baths  of  alcohol  and 
cold  water  were  also  given  that  night  to  reduce  the 
fever.  By  the  next  morning  the  temperature  was 
down  to  99.7° ;  by  4  o'clock  P.  M.  he  was  hungry  for 
food,  and  relished  some  zwiebach  and  dried  bread. 
The  temperature  went  up  again  toward  evening  to 
100.4°,  but  by  the  next  morning,  twenty-third  month, 
third  week,  fourth  day,  he  was  obviousl}^  so  well  that 
I  did  not  take  the  temperature  again. 

4.  Vomiting.  This  month  contains  a  record  of 
the  worst  vomiting  of  the  baby's  life  so  far.  I  believe 
it  was  caused  by  some  bits  of  hominy  that  were  not 
sufficiently  broken  up  before  entering  the  stomach 
(these  pieces  showed  plainly  in  what  was  vomited). 


104  HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

He  vomited  eight  times,  one  after  the  other,  at  inter- 
vals of  a  half-hour  to  an  hour  and  a  half.  He  began 
vomiting  at  5.45  P.  M.  (twenty-third  month,  third 
week)  and  continued  four  times  nntil  9  o'clock.  Then 
only  gastric  juice  came  up.  At  9.30  P.  M.  I  gave 
castor  oil  with  orange  juice,  but  that  was  thrown  np ; 
then,  as  he  was  very  thirsty,  he  had  three  drinks  of 
water,  about  4  oz.  each,  two  of  them  cold  and  one 
warm  (I  did  not  know  which  I  should  have  given,  so 
I  tried  both),  all  of  which  he  threAv  np.  Finally,  at 
about  3.30  A.  M.,  he  had  another  warm  drink,  which 
he  retained.  On  the  second  day  following  he  vomited 
about  an  ounce  about  two  hours  after  a  5  o'clock 
breakfast  of  1  oz.  of  milk,  with  lime  water,  and  2  oz. 
of  barley.  After  that,  all  went  well.  Of  course,  his 
eye  tooth  may  have  been  contributory  to  this  nx3set. 

5.  Sleep.  The  sleep  during  the  first  three  weeks 
averaged  60.4%  of  the  total  time  (previous  month 
59%).  The  fact  that  only  one  day-time  nap  was 
omitted  this  month,  as  against  five  of  the  previous 
month  helps  to  raise  the  percentage.  The  average 
for  the  entire  month  is  still  higher,  61.8%,  because 
of  the  long  and  frequent  nax^s  after  the  vomiting 
spell.  The  night  naps  average  11.6  honrs  for  the 
month,  about  the  same  as  for  the  previous  month, 
but  the  day  naps  increased  from  2.8  hours  to  3  hours, 
and  only  one  nap  was  omitted  throughout  the  month 
(when  I  tried  again  to  break  np  the  habit  of  sucking 
the  thumb). 

6.  Feces.  Out  of  46  feces  only  11  were  perfect,  of 
which  9  were  caught  in  the  chamber.  Twenty-one 
others,  of  which  18  were  caught  in  the  chamber,  were 
smooth, 'yellow  and  properly  timed,  but  were  loose, 
about  like  pancake  batter  rather  than  pasty,  like 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  105 

modeling  clay.  Tlie  cause  may  have  been  the  exces- 
sive amount  of  milk,  but  I  believe  the  teeth  were  pri- 
marily responsi])le.  The  baby,  had  never  had  such  a 
steady  diet  of  constipating  foods,  and  never  such  a 
series  of  loose  feces.  And  tannic  acid  rubbed  on  the 
gums  stopped  his  crying  and  fretting  on  several  oc- 
casions. So,  this  time  again,  the  cause  of  the  trouble 
must  be  sought  elsewhere  than  in  the  diet.  Of  the 
other  feces,  one,  following  the  eating  of  rich  chicken 
soup,  was  a  very  light  bright  yellow,  and  four,  after 
eating  prunes,  were  dark  yellow.  One  curdled  move- 
ment was  possibly  caused  by  boiled  milk;  two  smooth 
and  yellow,  but  watery  ones,  followed  the  vomiting; 
three  curdled,  greenish  and  loose  ones  followed  the 
gray  tablets,  while  three  curdled  ones  may  have  been 
caused  by  the  beef  and  barley  soup. 

7.  Shin.  There  was  no  evidence  of  trouble  in  the 
skin,  though  I  was  expecting  it  during  that  vomiting 
period.  The  scalp  still  itched.  Dr.  McCastline  ad- 
vised liquid  albolene,  but  it  made  the  scalj)  itch  worse, 
and  I  again  resorted  to  olive  oil,  which  was  quieting. 

8.  Cold.  The  first  three  days  of  the  month  were 
the  final  days  of  a  cold  started  during  the  previous 
month.  During  these  days  the  preparation  of  albo- 
lene and  menthol  was  used  in  the  nose  only  once; 
mucol  was  sprayed  seven  times,  and  one  tsp.  castor 
oil  and  one  gray  powder  tablet  were  given.  Another 
cold  of  short  duration  (four  days)  began  on  twenty- 
third  month,  first  week,  fourth  day,  and  for  a  part  of 
the  time  was  accompanied  by  a  cough.  The  albolene 
and  menthol  prey)aration  was  dropped  in  the  nose 
five  times  and  mucol  was  sprayed  four  times.  Cam- 
phorated oil  broke  up  the  cough  when  it  first  ap- 
peared,   but   when   it   came   the    second    time,    Dr. 


106  HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY    WELL     ^ 

McCastline  advised  a  mustard  plaster,  to  be  held  on 
the  chest  for  a  few  minutes  and  to  be  followed,  if 
necessary,  by  some  tablets.  Six  of  these  tablets  were 
given  during  the  night  as  he  coughed.  These,  with 
the  mustard  plaster,  speedily  suppressed  the  cold. 
With  the  movements  affected  and  the  teeth  paining, 
it  was  urgent  to  get  this  cold  out  of  the  way  in  a 
hurry. 

9.  Behavior.  The  cause  of  his  fretting  or  being 
easily  annoyed  could  generally  be  traced  to  the  cut- 
ting of  teeth,  though  I  did  not  always  apply  tannic 
acid.  When  I  did,  his  attitude  changed  immediately. 
AVhile  he  had  a  cold,  and  during  those  three  days 
while  the  intestines  and  stomach  were  getting  read- 
justed, he  was  also  somewhat  cross.  The  average 
for  the  first  three  weeks  was  1.09,  but  was  brought 
down  to  1.1  by  the  upset  of  the  third  week. 

10.  Crying.  Though  he  cried  81  minutes  in  all, 
36  of  these  during  the  first  three  weeks,  the  reason 
was  not  far  to  seek.  Of  course,  he  cried  while  he  was 
vomiting  and  having  enemas  and  bad  feces,  which 
account  for  45  minutes,  and  the  teeth  account  for 
other  tears,  since,  after  tannic  acid  had  been  used, 
the  tears  stopped,  and  a  cold,  with  a  cough  part  of 
the  time,  accounts  for  the  rest  of  his  tears. 

11.  Weight.  He  weighed  27.8  lbs.  in  the  middle 
of  the  month,  but  dropped  to  27.1  lbs.  during  the  up- 
set. But  even  this  was  1.1  lbs.  heavier  than  the  Holt 
average. 

12.  Physical  achievements.  Early  in  the  month, 
as  the  cold  was  getting  well,  he  learned  to  blow  liis 
nose  and  to  spray  it.  (See  p.  180,  Plate  III,  No.  2.) 
On  the  twenty-third  month,  second  week,  fifth  day, 
he  walked  down  two  flights  of  stairs,  refusing  my 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETAIL  107 

proffered  hand,  but  holding  on  to  the  banister.  When 
I  have  put  the  drops  of  menthol  and  abolene  in  his 
nose  I  have  generally  asked  another  person  to  hold 
some  absorbent  cotton  over  his  eyes  to  prevent  the 
medicine  from  dropping  in  and  smarting.  But  one 
day  he  and  I  were  alone,  so  I  asked  him  to  hold  the 
cotton  over  his  own  eyes,  which  he  did  most  gladly, 
and  his  attitude  changed  from  that  of  the  rebellious, 
persecuted  person  to  that  of  one  assisting  at  an  oper- 
ation. I  know  from  his  behavior  that  the  menthol 
smarted,  but  he  did  not  cry.  He  likes  to  help  do  any- 
thing about  the  house,  carry  dishes  to  and  from  the 
dining-room,  help  (?)  make  beds,  manipulate  broom 
and  sweeper,  break  up  macaroni,  and  to  do  any  little 
errand  that  a  baby  can  do. 

25.     Twenty -fifth  Month,  Third  Week. 
The  Last  Month  in  Which  Records  Were  Kept. 
(See  Chart  XXV.) 

1.  Brief  summary  of  the  month.  I  had  intended 
to  discontinue  the  bab^^'s  record  when  he  reached  two 
years  of  age.  In  fact,  I  did  discontinue  keeping  the 
daily  records  for  the  first  two  vv'eeks  of  the  twenty- 
fifth  month,  but  when  I  saw  what  a  difference  there 
was,  particularly  in  the  diet  and  physical  achieve- 
ments, after  the  last  canine  tooth  api^eared,  I  de- 
cided to  begin  again  at  the  third  week  (twenty-fourth 
month,  second  week),  and  to  record  it  and  include  it 
in  the  report.  As  there  were  practically  no  inter- 
ruptions for  the  entire  month,  the  record  for  the 
month  is  well  represented  by  that  week.  The  only 
thing  to  be  mentioned  as  peculiar  to  the  montli  is 
that  cream  and  Qgg  custard  Avere  added  to  the  diet. 


108  HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

IL     Details.    (See  Chart  XXV,  p.  110.) 

1.  Number  of  meals  a  day.  Three  meals  per  day 
was  continued  as  in  the  previous  month. 

2.  Intervals  between  meals.  There  was  little 
change  in  the  intervals  from  the  normal  three-week 
period  of  the  previous  month.  The  long  interval  was 
13.7  hours  (previous  month  13.6  hours),  the  morning 
interval  3.7  hours,  a  loss  of  about  .3  an  hour,  which 
was  partly  made  up  by  the  increase  of  the  afternoon 
period  to  5.6  hours. 

3.  Diet.  The  menu  for  this  week,  as  for  the 
month,  was  varied  and  the  food  was  plenty.  To  in- 
duce him  to  chew  more  and  to  make  the  diet  richer, 
instead  of  putting  the  milk  on  the  cereal,  I  poured 
about  1.3  oz.  of  milk  over  it,  in  order  that  he  would 
not  drink  the  milk  so  fast,  and  he  also  had  milk  sep- 
arately with  some  zwiebach  broken  up  in  it.  These 
changes  he  enjoyed.  He  also  had  a  little  of  the  beef 
with  which  the  macaroni  was  cooked,  and  some  un- 
sweetened egg  custard,  cooked  like  dessert  custard, 
but  flavored  with  salt  instead  of  vanilla  and  sugar. 
(Proportions:  one  egg  broken  in  about  2  to  3  oz. 
milk  and  a  pinch  of  salt.)  Sweet  chocolate  (Baker's 
Caraccas),  grated,  also  proved  to  be  a  delicious  rel- 
ish at  the  close  of  a  meal.  Of  this  he  twice  had  about 
three-quarters  teaspoonful.  All  these  foods  seemed 
to  digest  well.  I  think  the  cream  kept  the  feces  a 
little  lighter  in  color  and  looser  in  texture. 

Of  the  regular  foods  he  had  less  milk  than  the  pre- 
vious month,  5%  oz.  four-fifths  of  the  time  (previous 
month  6.4  oz.),  but  I  found  that  frequently  when  he 
had  finished  the  cereal  and  cream  for  his  breakfast 
he  had  had  enough  and  did  not  care  for  the  milk. 


Fig.  20.    Turning  on  the  electric  light.     (Age,  twenty-three  months.) 


109 


Z5th  Month (2>c/Wk)_ 


Interval 

and  bleep 

betir/een 

He  a/3.  ,      , 
ll-Irs) 


T5 
/^ 
/3 
t2\ 

I  I 
/OI 

s 

8 

7 

6 

S 

-^ 

3 


dic^hflnt,  15.1  U 
Morni'm  ' .,   ^^8  "  ■ 

Afkrnoon-',,    5.6   ", 

fisleep  603  fo 
07  fota/    Time. 


^^hrtdded  Wheat  _ 
Wheofeno.  Ootnieol,\ 
Rice.Homi'nu.loz) 


(pasteun'i  ^clj 

^  (01.) 


Cnom-  (Qz.) 


ow 


/I  .        /,     ,■4- 


31 


I  I  t  'I  .  I 


thcoroni  coal^ect  i 


BfP-P.    ro-rr 


s.yw  sw 


I  I  1 


fTSW 


te  iVM/s 


U 


TmeQk/koz.Creon} 


y^rrj,  p.  (77.  ^tjonn 


4  me  a  Is  3/^  oz 


3'/z  oz.  Cereal 
^S  of  the  meals 


2  mtal%. 


^e-f^.  moTT 


^bi 


cosfare/.  (oj)  j 


m- 


-   -.3  oz. 
cusTorc/. 


Prunes 


jeilKj.   fT^pT 


^  meals 


brT,teLi*.jyiWp.jtir^ 


mm 


7]^/ehach 


juLi 


i_l 


JJIL 


1 1  meals.  Ilwh. 


%eal5k  sl/cehrd 


Bread  (slice]  1 


UT  con  (blKt)  /ll   .      '. 

S\./ eef  chocolate. qrdt-ed.CTsp.)l 


J I 


Prunk   juice 


^ 


Prune'j[-7Lor..in  all. 
I   •       ,o7./~  L     . 


^£ 


Tec  es 


/m/Qfznr5 


Chart  XXV.  This,  with  the  seventh  and  the  twenty-first  months,  are 
obviously  the  red-letter  months  of  his  early  life.  It  was  during 
the  periods  of  regular  living,  of  which  these  months  are  the  J)est 
examples,  that  the  finest  all-round  progress  came  in  liis  life. 


110 


NIN^E    TYPICAL    MOXTHS   IN    DETAIL  111 

i 

Again,  for  lunch,  macaroni  or  egg  custard  were  so 
hearty  that  tliere  was  little  desire  for  milk.  Of  the 
cereals  used,  shredded  wheat  and  wheatena  take  the 
lead,  each  being  used  five  times,  followed  by  oatmeal 
thrice,  rice  twice  and  hominy  once.  (Barley  and 
farina  were  not  used  at  all  this  week.)  A  cj[uarter 
tsp.  of  sugar  was  sprinkled  over  the  cereal  as  usual. 
About  4  oz.  of  macaroni,  cooked  in  the  water  with  a 
pot  roast  of  beef,  was  given  for  four  dinners,  and  for 
one  dinner  wheatena  was  warmed  up  in  very  thin 
beef  gravy.  Prunes  or  jelly  mixed  with  zwiebach 
crumbs  made  good  desserts  (an  average  of  two  and 
two-thirds  prunes,  three  times,  and  1.5  tsp.  jelly,  six 
times).  Zwiebach  was  served  as  a  carrier  for  milk 
and  prunes  and  jelly  in  about  half  of  the  meals;  a 
half  slice  of  bread  was  eaten  at  nine  meals. 

No  modifications  had  to  be  made  to  correct  dis- 
turbances. 

To  induce  him  to  drink  more  water,  I  sometimes 
added  prune  juice  to  it.  If  he  did  not  care  to  drink  it 
at  first,  I  would  set  it  down  on  a  low  table  within  his 
reach,  and  he  would  take  a  swallow  every  now  and 
then.  He  drank  about  2  oz.  of  orange  juice  and  4.5 
oz.  of  water  a  day,  and  about  2  oz.  of  prune  juice  a 
week. 

4.  Vomiting.    None  for  the  month. 

5.  Sleep.  He  slept  61%  of  the  entire  time,  sub- 
stantially the  same  as  the  previous  month.  The 
night  nap  averaged  12  hours,  0.4  hour  longer  than 
the  previous  month,  and  the  day  nap,  2.50  hours,  a 
little  less  than  the  previous  month  (2.75  hours).  No 
naps  were  omitted. 

6.  Feces.  The  average  interval  for  the  feces  was 
18.G  hours.    Of  the  nine  feces  for  the  week,  all  were 


112  HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY    WELL 

done  in  the  chamber,  seven  were  perfect  and  two 
were  only  slightly  loose — not  sufficiently  so,  to  re- 
quire any  change  in  the  diet. 

7.  Skin.  The  skin  was  perfect  throughout.  Ee- 
sorcin  is  finally  putting  the  scalp  in  perfect  condition. 

8.  Cold.    None  for  the  week. 

9.  Behavior.  A  series  of  perfect  days  give  the 
average  of  1  for  the  week. 

10.  Crying.    None  for  the  week  or  month. 

11.  Weight.  He  weighed  28  lbs.,  2  lbs.  above  the 
Holt  average. 

12.  Physical  achievements.  With  the  pressure 
of  a  cutting  tooth  removed,  he  is  more  keen  and 
active.  He  assists  himself  in  various  ways  in  the 
toilet-room.  At  times,  he  still  refuses  my  help  when 
going  up  and  down  stairs,  but  most  always  does  ac- 
cept it  on  the  street.  He  likes  to  take  my  hand  as  an 
equal,  but  not  as  a  dependent.  He  never  walks  or 
loiters  when  doing  an  errand  for  me,  but  always 
runs.  He  walks  on  all  fours  with  the  knee-joint 
straight.  He  investigates  everything  he  can  reach. 
In  the  street,  for  instance,  he  fusses  about  the  water 
hydrant,  apparently  trying  to  find  a  combination  that 
will  do  something.  He  still  finds  new  things  to  oper- 
ate on  the  typewriter,  and  spends  much  time  there, 
working  various  mechanisms.  He  has  not  yet  in  any 
way  injured  it.  He  pulls  the  dumbwaiter  up  and 
down.  This  is  splendid  exercise  for  him.  It  is  just 
heavy  enough  to  demand  all  his  energy.  He  seems 
quite  as  conscious  as  we  of  the  dangers  involved. 
(Of  course,  we  never  let  him  pull  it  unless  one  of  us 


NINE    TYPICAL    MONTHS    IN    DETATIi  113 

is  there  by  him.)  One  day  he  walked  three-quarters 
of  a  mile  in  an  hour.  I  had  difficulty  in  getting  him 
to  move  on,  for  there  was  always  something  he 
wanted  to  investigate;  but  by  resorting  to  playing 
horse,  to  chasing  him,  to  giving  him  toys  on  strings 
to  pull  along,  and  so  on,  I  managed  to  go  from  the 
house  in  the  middle  of  the  block  on  114th  street,  near 
Riverside  Drive,  and  along  the  Drive  to  the  bridge 
at  127th  street.  And  he  was  not  tired  out,  for  he 
rebelled  when  I  put  him  in  the  carriage  at  that  point 
to  take  him  home.  He  runs  faster  than  ever,  and 
turns  the  sharp  corner  in  the  hall  with  considerable 
dexterity.  We  play  a  new  game  of  hide-and-go-seek. 
At  night  we  turn  out  the  electric  light,  go  away  from 
him  and  call  to  him.  Guided  by  our  voices,  he  feels 
his  way  silently  and  slowly  through  the  dark  until  he 
finds  us.  Then  the  light  is  turned  on  and  we  have  a 
good  laugh  over  the  adventurv3.  But  out  it  goes 
again,  and  again  he  follows  the  voice,  and  so  on.  We 
stumbled  upon  this  game  by  chance,  but  think  it  one 
of  the  best  we  play.  He  revels  over  the  discovery  in 
the  dark,  and  it  is  such  a  natural  way  of  accustoming 
him  to  darkness.  He  throws  the  ball  very  well.  Tak- 
ing hold  of  his  mother's  hands,  he  climbs  up  her  body 
until  he  stands  on  her  shoulders.  All  activities  are 
performed  with  greater  facility. 

13.  Teeth.  Last  canine  tooth  through;  first  16 
teeth  all  through. 

14.  Remarks.  The  thumb-sucking  habit  is  not 
gone,  but  is  weakening.  He  has  gone  to  sleep  several 
times  without  the  thumb  in  his  mouth,  and  does  not 
resent  my  taking  it  out  after  he  has  fallen  asleep,  so 


114  HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

we  are  making  progress  tliere.  He  seems  so  reason- 
able abont  so  many  things  that  I  am  hoping  his  sen- 
sibleness  will  help  out  in  the  breaking  up  of  this 
habit.  He  is  wearing  drawers  and  going  to  bed  with- 
out a  diaper.  He  asks  now  to  go  to  the  toilet,  and 
can  wait  until  he  gets  there. 


Chaptek   III. 
SUMMARIES. 

1.  Number  of  meals  a  day.  (See  Chart  XXVI,  1.) 
The  number  of  meals  a  day  began  with  10  and  grad- 
ually dmiinished  to  three  at  the  age  of  two.  The  re- 
duction was  slow  and  three  times  Avas  interrupted, 
but  throughout  the  principle  was  to  keep  the  interval 
as  regular  and  as  long  as  possible,  consistent  with 
the  baby's  appetite  and  other  evidences  of  health. 

Leonard  was  started  with  the  hospital  regula- 
tion, 10  feedings  a  day  (24  hours).  But  as  this 
seemed  to  give  him  more  food  than  he  could  retain, 
meals  were  omitted  as  frequently  as  he  seemed  disin- 
clined to  take  them,  until  by  the  end  of  the  second 
month  the  number  of  meals  was  reduced  to  about  six 
or  seven  a  day.  Thereafter  the  reduction  continued 
very  slowly,  until  by  the  end  of  the  fifth  month  it  was 
six  meals  a  day,  given  at  approximately  6  A.  M.,  9 
A.  M.,  12  M.,  3  P.  M.,  6  P.  M.,  with  either  another 
evening  meal  or  an  early  morning  meal.  But  during 
the  following  month  (sixth),  however,  I  found  his 
hunger  demanded  a  late  evening  meal  again,  so  that 
an  average  of  between  seven  and  eight  meals  was 
reached.  Then  for  two  months,  seventh  and  eighth, 
the  average  went  down  again  to  between  five  and  six 

115 


CHART    XXVI. 
IIG 


SUMMARIES  117 

meals,  only  to  rise  during  the  following  (ninth) 
month,  when  a  late  evening  meal  had  frequently  to  be 
given,  since  otherwise  he  would  wake  hungry  very 
early  in  the  morning.  This  increased  the  average  to 
six  meals  a  day.  During  the  three  following  months 
(tenth,  eleventh  and  twelfth)  there  was  another 
steady  decrease,  until  by  the  thirteenth  month  only 
four  meals  a  day  were  given  (at  about  6  A.  M.,  10 
A.  M.,  2  P.  M.  and  6  P.  M.).  This  was  followed  by  a 
slight  increase  with  the  re-introduction  of  the  late 
evening  meal,  bringing  the  average  back  to  five  meals 
a  day  on  the  fourteenth  month  and  remaining  there 
for  two  months  (fifteenth  and  sixteenth).  Then 
(seventeenth  month),  the  night  meal  was  finally 
omitted,  leaving  four  meals  a  day,  and  the  decrease 
continued  steadily,  omitting  gradually  the  afternoon 
meal  at  3  o'clock,  until  by  the  twenty-fourth  month 

Chart  XXVI.  1.  He  be^an  at  the  hos])ital  with  ten  meals  a  day. 
At  the  dictates  of  hunger,  gradnally  eliniinathig  meals,  by 
two  years  of  age  he  was  satisfied  with  three  meals  a  day. 

2.  The  night  intervals  m  the  two  years  gradually  ]»assed  from 

six  hours  to  twelve  hours,  while  the  day  intervals  went 
from  two  hours  to  four  hours.  And  when  three  meals  be- 
came the  Iial)it.  an  afternoon  period  of  about  five  and  a  half 
hours  was  introduced. 

3.  The  time  spent  at  the  breast  while  nursing  went  from  twenty 

minutes  to  as  few  as  seven  minutes,  aud  then  back  to  four- 
teen minutes.  The  actual  time  nursing  began  with  twentj' 
minutes,  was  gradually  reduced  to  three  and  a  half  min- 
utes, and  ended  with  twelve  minutes  a  meal. 

lie  began  in  the  ninth  month  with  six  and  a  half  ounces 
of  food  a  meal,  which  amount  was  gradually  increased  to 
abr)ut  ten  or  eleven  ounces  Ity  the  second  year. 

Wafer  was  given  from  the  ])eginning.  but  was  not  recorded 
until  tb(?  fiffh  month.  The  quantifies  Aaried  from  1  to  4.3 
ounces  a  day. 

Orange  Juice  was  begun  in  the  eleventh  month,  and  from 


118  HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY   WELL 

three  meals  a  day  became  the  habit — breakfast,  8 
A.  M.,  dinner,  12  M.,  supper,  6  P.  M. 

During  the  twenty-second  month  there  was  an  ab- 
normal period  of  about  three  weeks,  when  fewer 
meals  were  given.  The  continuous  line  (see  Chart 
XXVI,  1)  is  the  average  of  the  actual  intervals;  the 
dotted  line  is  the  average  during  the  fourth  week, 
when  the  baby  was  well. 

Orange  juice  and  water  were  at  first  given  (sixth 
month)  about  9  o'clock  in  the  morning,  two  hours 
after  the  previous  meal  and  an  hour  before  the  fol- 
lowing meal;  but  when  the  afternoon  meal  was 
omitted  the  orange  juice  and  water  was  given  at  that 
time.  Otherwise  there  was  no  food  except  ''edu- 
cators," on  certain  occasions  (see  p.  122),  given  be- 
tween meals. 

2.     Intervals  between  meals.     (See  Chart  XXVI, 


an  oiuice  to  two  ounces  were  given  frequently'  throngli  the 
month. 

4.  He  regurgitated  from  i/4  to  1^2  tbs.  at  from  2  to  85  times  a 

month  during  the  first  ten  months.  The  vomiting  varied 
from  none  at  all  during  five  months  to  small  amounts,  % 
to  %  tbs.,  during  15  months,  and  four  times,  quite  large 
amounts,  from  1  to  12  tbs. 

5.  He  slept  from  75  per  cent,  of  the  time  to  54  per  cent,   (in  the 

ninth  month)  to  60  per  cent,  at  two  years. 

(!.  The  interval  between  the  feces  went  from  9  hours  at  the  hos- 
pital to  between  24  and  3G  hours  during  weaning  days,  and 
then  from  12 1/^  hours  to  22  hours. 

IK  Behavior  varied  from  1  (excellent)  to  1.5  (half-way  between 
excellent  and  good). 

10.  During  one  month,  his  crying  averaged  37  minutes  a  day,  and 
during  another  23  minutes  a  day.  Through  14  months  it 
amounted  to  between  1  and  10  minutes  a  day,  and  through 
7  months  less  than  a  minute  a  dav,  and  for  one  month  not 
at  all. 


SUMMARIES  119 

2.)  For  22  months  there  was  a  long  night  period  and 
short  day  periods.  For  the  twentN^-third,  twenty- 
fourth  and  twenty-fifth  months,  when  the  3  o'clock, 
afternoon,  meal  was  omitted,  a  third  interval  was 
made,  longer  than  the  previous  day  interval  and 
shorter  than  the  long  night  interval,  so  that  it  intro- 
duced a  new  group.    (See  Chart  XXVI,  2.) 

The  long,  or  night  period,  was  begun  at  the  hos- 
pital with  an  interval  of  six  hours  (10.30  P.  M.  to 
4.30  A.  M.),  but  on  reaching  home,  as  the  baby 
seemed  hungry  before  the  regular  time,  the  dis- 
cipline was  relaxed,  shortening  the  average  to  5% 
hours  for  the  second  month.  Three  thnes — first  dur- 
ing the  sixth  month,  again  through  the  eighth  and 
ninth  months,  and  finally  from  the  twelfth  through 
the  sixteenth  months — I  had  to  replace  the  meals  I 
was  trying  to  eliminate,  so  that  the  increase  of  the 
long  interval  was  checked  at  these  periods.  But 
after  the  seventeenth  month  there  was  no  more 
check,  rather,  on  the  whole,  a  steady  lengthening  of 
the  night  interval  from  13  to  13%  hours.  During  the 
twenty-second  and  twenty-fourth  months  the  inter- 
val was  about  14  and  14^/2  hours,  respectively,  but 
these  high  averages  were  brought  up  by  abnormal 
periods  when  his  appetite  was  not  keen.  The  aver- 
age for  the  normal  weeks  of  these  months  was,  in 
both  cases,  about  13i/>  hours. 

The  short  interval  began  at  the  hospital  with  two 
hours,  but  soon,  second  month,  was  increased  to  3% 
hours,  then  it  returned  to  about  3  hours  for  the  re- 
mainder of  the  first  nine  months.  With  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  artificial  food  (tenth  month),  probably 
because  he  was  getting  more  nourishment,  the  period 
increased  to,  and  remained  a  little  less  than  4  hours. 


120  HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

Once  (nineteenth  month)  it  was  4  hours,  and  once 
(twenty-fifth  month)  4%  hours. 

By  the  twenty-third  month  he  was  quite  content  to 
omit  the  afternoon  meal,  and  the  interval  between 
his  lunch,  at  noon  and  supper  was  6.5  hours,  twenty- 
third  month,  to  about  5.5  hours,  twenty-fifth  month. 

3.     Diet.    (See  Chart  XXVI,  3.) 

(A)  Length  of  time  nursing.  For  the  first  8.5 
months  the  baby's  diet  consisted  exclusively  of  breast 
milk  and  water  (see  below  under  ''water").  The 
quantity  of  milk  given  was  determined  by  his  ca- 
pacity to  retain  and  digest  it.  I  began  by  keeping 
him  at  the  breast  for  20  minutes,  the  hospital  regula- 
tion, but  I  soon  found  he  got  enough  in  less  time.  To 
insure  his  not  eating  too  fast,  I  began  by  making  him 
rest  at  intervals  equal  to  the  time  spent  in  nursing, 
so  that  he  w^ould  nurse  only  half  of  his  feeding  time. 
By  the  sixth  month  the  rest  time  was  shortened  pro- 
portionately to  the  feeding  time,  and  continued  to  be 
relatively  shortened  through  the  nursing  period. 
The  length  of  time  nursing  decreased  rapidly 
through  the  first  two  months,  then  slowly  through 
the  next  three  months.  The  shortest  average  period 
was  3.5  minutes  (fifth  month).  Then,  whether  be- 
cause the  milk  flowed  less  freely  or  the  baby  de- 
manded more,  or  was  able  to  retain  more,  the  amount 
increased  steadily  until  the  end  of  the  tenth  month, 
when  12  out  of  the  14  minutes  at  the  breast  was  the 
average  time  nursing. 

(B)  Foods,  (a)  Quantity.  During  the  ninth 
month,  while  still  nursing,  artificial  food  was  intro- 
duced. As  to  the  quantity  (see  Chart  XXVI,  3),  he 
began  with  an  average  of  6.5  oz.  a  meal,  one  meal  a 
day.    The  number  of  these  meals  was  gradually  in- 


SUMMARIES  121 

/ 

creased,  while  the  rinml)er  of  breast  meals  decreased, 
until,  toward  the  end  of  the  tentli  month,  the  breast 
meals  were  finally  omitted.  There  was  a  drop  from 
6.5  to  6.3  oz.  the  following  montii,  but  thence  to  the 
seventeenth  month  there  was  a  steady  increase  in 
amount.  Then,  as  more  solid  food  Avas  used,  the 
quantity  remained  around  11  and  12  oz.  through  tlie 
rest  of  the  second  year.  (The  one  drop  to  9  oz., 
twenty-second  month,  was  during  a  time  when  he  had 
a  cold  and  fever,  ])ainful  teeth  and  was  not  hungry, 
but  the  average  during  the  normal  ])eriod  of  that 
month  was  11.8  oz.) 

(b)  Coni])Osition.  Chart  XX VI]  shows  what 
foods  were  introduced  and  when,  and  suggests  to 
what  extent  they  were  used;  that  is,  if  the  food  was 
given  more  or  less  throughout  the  month,  the  line  is 
continuous,  but  if  only  for  a  week  oi'  a  few  days,  the 
length  of  the  line  is  proportionately  as  long  as  the 
number  of  days  it  was  used. 

The  foods  which  Holt  or  other  authorities  have 
recommended  were  given  in  small  (juantities,  one  at 
a  time,  and  results  noted  (for  disturjjances  see  Chart 
XXVIII,  2).  Then,  according  as  the  evidences  were 
favorable,  or  unfavorable,  greater  or  less  quantities 
were  tried,  or  the  food  was  omitted  for  a  while,  to  be 
tried  again  later.  In  this  way  he  was  introduced  to 
milk,  ])read,  cereals,  fruit  and  meat  (though  very 
little  of  the  last),  and  these  constituted  his  diet  for 
the  first  two  years. 

Milk.  He  ])egan  (ninth  month)  with  10%  cerilficd 
milk  (Sheflield  Fai'ms),  to  which  milk-sugar,  lime 
water  and  boiled  water  were  added,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing six  days  gi'adually  ])assed  to  7%  milk,  wdiich 
was  used  for  the  following  three  months.    During  the 


122  HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY   WELL 

thirteenth  month  the  transition  was  very  gradually 
made  to  4%  milk,  and  by  the  fourteenth  month  he 
was  digesting  straight  certified  milk.  The  change 
was  then  made  to  pasteurised  milk,  which  he  contin- 
ued to  use  through  the  twenty-fifth  month,  excepting 
for  a  few  days  (twenty-third  month),  when  sterilized 
milk  was  tried,  with  unsatisfactory  results.  Con- 
densed milk  was  used  during  a  few  emergencies 
(twenty-third  and  twenty-fourth  months), when  there 
was  no  other  niilk  in  the  house.  During  the  twenty- 
fifth  month  cream  was  given  with  the  cereal  (it 
proved  to  be  too  rich,  and  had  to  be  discontinued). 

Lime-ivater  was  added  to  the  milk  at  the  beginning 
(ninth  month),  and  was  discontinued  after  the  fif- 
teenth month,  except  for  a  short  period  during  the 
twenty-fourth  month,  when  teething  upset  his  di- 
gestion. 

Sugar.  At  Dr.  McCastline's  advice  milk-sugar 
was  used  into  the  twentieth  month  and  granulated 
sugar  thereafter.  (Granulated  sugar  had  been  tried 
in  the  fourteenth  month,  and  I  noted  no  difference 
in  results.) 

Bread.  The  first  solid  food  he  had  was  home-made 
bread  during  the  thirteenth  month,  thoroughly  dried 
out  in  the  oven,  crisp  and  hard.  The  following  month 
(fourteenth)  Calhoun's  unsweetened  Zwieback  took 
its  place,  and  was  used  thenceforth  with  but  few  in- 
termissions. Crusts  of  bread,  without  being  dried, 
were  also  used,  but  less  than  the  zwieback.  If  the 
feces  were  inclined  to  be  disturbed,  that  is,  in  anv 
way  but  constipated,  zwieback  took  preference  over 
bread.  He  also  had  a  little  toast  (twenty-third 
month). 

Crackers.    At  intervals  he  had  Educator  crackers. 


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Chart  XXVir. 

Note.— Breast  milk  feedings  contiuued  with  other  milk. 

The  slow  change  from  109o  to  7%  to  4%  milk. 

The  quick  return  to  I'asteurized  milk  after  a  short  unsuccessful  trial  of 
sterilized  milk. 

No  difference  noted  in  the  use  of  milk  sugar  and  granulated  sugar. 

Variety  of    cereals,    of   which    Barley,    Farina   and    Wheatena   were   the 
favorites. 

Egg  a  good  stand-by. 

Macaroni  cooked  with  beef  a  favorite. 

Sweet  chocolate  (Baker's  Caracas)   well  liked. 

Water  and  orange  juice  welcomed  regularly. 

Aside  from  16  tbs.  of  castor  oil,  in  the  two  years,  only  one  full  dose  of 
medicine  was  given   (8  gray  powder  tablets,  a  doctor's  proscription). 

123 


SUMMARIES  1 25 

! 

When  trying  to  omit  a  meal,  or  when  the  quantity  of 
food  was  reduced  because  of  intestinal  disturbances, 
and  Leonard  would  be  hungry  before  meal  time,  I 
found  that  a  f^w  crackers  would  often  satisfy  him. 
But  at  no  other  times  did  he  have  them  between 
meals.  Huntley  and  Palmer's  Breakfast  Biscuit 
were  delicious,  but  expensive. 

Cereals.  Robinson's  Prepared  Barley  was  the 
"old  reliable"  cereal  from  the  ninth  through  the 
twentieth  months,  and  even  after  that  time  it  had  to 
be  resorted  to  occasionally,  as  during  the  twenty- 
fourth  month,  when  a  difficult  tooth  was  erupting, 
making  the  movements  loose.  At  first  the  barley  was 
prepared  very  thin  as  a  gruel  (1  tbs.  (rounded)  to  1 
pt.  water),  but  gradually  it  was  made  thicker,  until 
it  was  of  the  consistency  of  stiff  jelly  (2  tbs.  to  1  pt. 
water) .  When  introducing  a  new  cereal  I  mix  it  with 
a  little  barley  for  the  first  few  times. 

Farina,  introduced  in  the  fifteenth  month,  grad- 
ually displaced  barley  as  the  most  easily  digested 
cereal,  and  it  was  used,  as  barley  had  been,  as  a  basis 
for  introducing  other  new  cereals. 

Cream  of  ivJteat  proved  good,  but  was  not  used  as 
much  as  farina. 

Prepared  ivheat  flour  was  also  good,  but,  for  no 
particular  reason,  was  dropped  after  a  first  trial. 

Oatmeal  tended  to  make  the  feces  loose,  and  was 
resorted  to  when  necessary  for  that  purpose.  Sev- 
eral attempts,  beginning  during  the  tenth  month, 
were  made  to  introduce  it,  but  a  few  consecutive 
meals  of  it  always  resulted  disastrously,  and  it  had 
to  be  given  at  long  intervals,  in  alternation  with 
other,  more   constipating  foods.     I  jiersisted  with 


126  HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY    WELL 

oatmeal  to  make  the  diet  more  varied;  finally  it  was 
handled  well. 

Wheatena,  tried  first  with  barley  in  the  seven- 
teenth month,  was  easily  digested,  and  I  noticed  that 
it  frequently  brought  the  color  to  his  cheeks.  It 
loosened  np  the  feces,  though  not  so  much  as  oat- 
meal. It  was  successful  when  alternated  with  cream 
of  wheat  or  farina. 

Hominy,  introduced  in  the  eigliteenth  month,  had 
to  be  used  very  sparingh^  I  believe  it  caused  one 
very  bad  attack  of  indigestion,  but  that  may  have 
been  because  it  was  warmed  over  and  not  broken  up 
fine  enough  so  that  too  large  pieces  were  swallowed 
whole  without  chewing. 

i^ice^ started  in  the  eighteenth  month,  was  a  reliable 
food  and  easily  digested,  though  tending  to  be  consti- 
pating. 

Shredded  tuheat  was  a  favorite  from  the  time  of 
its  introduction  (twenty-second  month).  The  intes- 
tines handled  it  with  about  the  same  results  as 
wheatena,  only  the  shredded  wheat  was  a  little  less 
loosening. 

Triscuit,  too,  was  tried  (eighteenth  month),  and 
its  effects  were  like  those  of  shredded  wheat. 

Fruits.  Prunes  and  apple  sauce  (from  the  twen- 
tieth month  on),  apple  jelly  (twenty-first  month)  and 
stewed  peaches  (twenty-third  month)  all  digested 
well.  The  fruits,  especially  prunes,  tended  to  make 
the  feces  less  compact.  They  were  sometimes  served 
with  broken-up  crumbs  of  zwiebach. 

Puddings.  Custard  (twentieth  month),  tapioca, 
rice  puddings  (twenty-first  month)  and  bread  pud- 
ding were  all  easily  digested. 

Eggs.    After  the  twentieth  month  he  handled  eggs 


SUMMAKIES  127 

well.  They  were  cooked  by  standing  in  hot  water 
until  coagulated  (about  hve  minutes),  then  served 
on  hot  rice,  hominy  or  shredded  wheat. 

Beef,  chopped  fine  (after  the  twentieth  month), 
was  not  a  favorite,  nor  did  it  prove  very  digestible. 
Probably  he  did  not  chew  it  fine  enough. 

Macaroni  cooked  ivith  beef,  given  after  the  twenty- 
second  month,  was  well  liked  and  well  digested;  it 
served,  in  alternation  with  egg,  as  a  dinner  dish. 
Beef  cooked  in  this  way,  long  and  slowly  in  a  fireless 
cooker,  was  readily  digested. 

Rice  cooked  with  chicken  (twenty-fourth  month) 
was  a  favorite  dish. 

Beef  and  barley  soup  (twenty-fourth  month)  was 
enjoyed,  but  I  was  not  sure  as  to  how  it  digested. 

Baker's  siveet  chocolate  (twenty-fifth  month), 
given  at  the  close  of  dinner,  i:)roved  both  palatable 
and  digestible. 

The  following  foods  digested  perfectly  well,  but 
happened  to  be  given  only  once  or  twice,  though 
there  was  no  obvious  reason  why  they  should  not 
have  been  eaten  more  freely : 

White  grapes  (twentieth  month,  twenty-second 

month). 
Japanese  rice  cakes  (twenty-first  month). 
Apple  tapioca  (twenty-second  month). 
Grape      juice,      unfermented      (twenty-second 

month). 
Sweet  potato  (twenty-second  month). 
On  the  other  hand,  the  following  foods  either  did 
not  agree  with  him  or  he  did  not  like  them: 

Beef  juice  was  tried  three  times    (nineteenth 

month),  but  not  liked. 
Mutton  broth  was  tried  three  times   (twenty- 


128  HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

second   month),    but   not    liked,    and    as    Dr. 
McCastline  said  lie  did  not  seem  to  be  in  need 
of  such  food,  I  did  not  further  urge  him  to- 
eat  it. 
Celery    (twenty-third    month)    was    badly    di- 
gested. 
Chicken   soup    (twenty-third   month)    was    ap- 
parently too  rich.     It  made  the  feces  a  very 
bright  yellow. 
Dr.  Thomas'  uncooked  hread  (twentieth  month) 
was  tasted  while  a  friend  was  eating  some,  but 
in  about  12  hours  the  feces  were  very  loose. 
However  much  some  people  may  be  benefited 
by   this  .  bread,    evidently    Leonard    did    not 
need  it. 
Soap  and  raw  beef  (thirteenth  month),  to  which 
the  lad  had  helped  himself  in  an  unguarded 
moment,  and  which  did  not  digest  welL 
( C )     Liquids.  ( See  Charts  XXVI,  3,  and  XXVII. ) 
I  did  not  begin  to  note  the  quantity  of  water  given 
until  the  fifth  month.     From  the  fifth  month  to  the 
tenth  month  the  average  was  2  oz.  a  day,  varying 
from  1.25  to  2.5  oz.    From  the  eleventh  to  the  twenty- 
second  month  the  average  was  3.75  oz.  a  day,  varying 
from  2  to  4.3  oz.     During  the  thenty-third  montli 
there  was  a  decided  lessening  in  amount;  he  drank 
only  10.5  oz.  during  the  entire  month.     He  did  not 
seem  to  care  for  it.     The  next  month  was  again  ex- 
ceptional, but  in  the  other  way.     On  two  days  he 
drank  about  37  oz.    This  excessive  amount  was  taken 
to  clean  out  the  stomach  after  an  attack  of  vomiting. 
On  17  other  days  of  that  month,  however,  an  average 
of  2   oz.  were  taken.     The  twenty-fifth  month  was 
normal  agnin,  averaging  4.5  oz.  daily. 


SUMMARIES  129 

Orange  juice.  (See  Charts  XXVI,  3,  and  XXVII.) 
He  be^an  having*  orange  juice  during  the  eleventh 
month.  Thence  througli  tlie  sixteenth  month  he  had 
about  an  ounce  at  a  time,  though  not  every  day — 
only  about  a  third  of  tlie  time.  Several  times  I  dis- 
continued the  orange  juice  when  I  feared  it  might  be 
causing  trouble,  thougli  I  never  could  prove  that  it 
did.  From  the  seventeenth  to  the  twentieth  months 
1.5  oz.  a  day  for  about  two-thirds  of  the  time,  and 
from  the  twenty-first  to  the  twenty- Jifth  months  2  oz. 
a  day  for  about  two-thirds  of  the  time,  were  given. 

The  orange  juice  and  water  were  always  given  be- 
tween meals,  about  two  hours  after  the  previous  meal 
and  an  hour  before  the  following  meal,  when  the 
meals  were  three  hours  apart.  At  first  they  were 
given  in  the  morning,  later  in  the  afternoon. 

Prime  juice,  (See  Chart  XXVII.)  After  the  fif- 
teenth month  diluted  prime  juice  was  given  only  16 
times  in  all,  about  an  ounce  each  time,  in  place  of  the 
orange  juice  for  that  day. 

(D)  'Medication.  (See  Chart  XXVII.)  Ten 
minims  of  castor  oil  and  5  minims  of  syrup  of  rhu- 
])arb,  given  at  the  hospital,  together  with  16  tsp.  of 
castor  oil  and  13  gray-powder  tablets,  given  at  home, 
are  all  the  medicine  he  took  during  these  first  two 
years ;  of  the  latter  onl}^  one  full  dose  (8  tablets)  was 
given. 

4.  (A)  Regurgitation.  (See  Chart  XXVI,  4a.)  I 
know  that  the  peristaltic  movement  of  the  alimentary 
canal  and  careless  handling  of  the  baby  directly 
after  feeding  are  two  causes  of  regurgitation,  and 
that  regurgitation  does  not  necessarily  indicate  that 
the  food  has  })een  indigestible  or  excessive.  Yet,  by 
actual  expei-i(mce,  I  found  that  he  did  liave  enough 


130  HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY    WELL 

when  lie  began  to  regurgitate.  It  looked  as  if  the 
amount  regurgitated  indicated  the  excess  over  his 
needs. 

He  regurgitated  only  during  the  first  10  months. 
The  amount  was  greatest  during  the  second  month, 
about  60  tbs.  in  all,  and  was  followed  by  generally 
decreasing  amounts  through  the  10th  month,  being 
interrupted  only  twice  (fifth  and  tenth  months)  by 
slight  increases. 

(B)  Vomiiing.  (See  Chart  XXVI,  4b.)  There 
was  a  steady  increase  of  vomiting  through  the  sixth 
month,  when  a  total  of  45  tbs.  was  reached.  The 
seventh  month  dropped  to  25  tbs.,  and  during  the 
following  six  months  the  amount  was  from  2.3  to  G 
tbs.  a  month.  After  this,  six  of  the  months  were  free 
from  vomiting.  During  four  months  it  was  from  2 
to  5  tbs.,  and  one  month  was  18  tbs.  The  worst 
month  was  the  twenty-fourth,  when  a  severe  attack 
of  vomiting  brought  the  amount  up  to  about  96  tbs. 
There  were  three  bad  attacks  of  vomiting,  one  each 
during  the  fifteenth,  the  nineteenth  and  the  twenty- 
fourth  month,  when  the  stomach  seemed  to  empty 
itself  completely.  The  first  attack  may  possibly 
have  been  due  to  sour  barley,  though  it  did  not  taste 
sour  to  me.  I  was  unable  to  locate  a  cause  for  the 
second;  hominy  may  have  caused  the  third  attack. 
All  three  may,  however,  have  been  caused  by  teeth- 
ing. A  fast,  followed  by  a  diet  of  the  most  easily 
digested  food,  given  in  small  quantities,  was  the 
treatment  that  followed  these  three  attacks.  Other- 
wise, the  vomiting  was  slight.  As  in  the  case  of 
regurgitations,  vomiting  was  a  warning  to  question 
the  quantity  and  quality  of  the  food. 

5.     Sleep,     (See  Chart  XXVI,  5.)     In  sleep,  too, 


SUMMAKIES  131 

were  to  be  found  indications  of  the  baby's  physical 
condition.  Intestinal  pain,  cold,  Imnger,  thirst  and 
toothache  all  have  disturbed  his  skimbers. 

The  total  time  spent  asleep  averaged  during  the 
first  five  months  73%,  during  the  next  seven  months 
56%,  and  during  the  second  year  about  60%.  Inci- 
dentally I  might  say  he  was  never  rocked  to  sleej), 
but  was  put  in  his  bed  and  left  alone.  During  the 
seventh  month  I  noted  on  six  different  occasions  that 
he  cried  when  he  was  put  down  to  go  to  sleep,  twice 
for  15  minutes,  four  times  for  5  minutes.  As  there 
seemed  at  the  time  to  be  nothing  else  to  make  him 
cry,  and  as  he  soon  stopped  when  no  attention  was 
paid  to  him,  I  concluded  that  he  was  crying  merely 
for  i3ersonal  attention.  (See  Charts  YII  and  YIIT, 
'^F.")  Of  course,  he  did  not  get  the  attention,  so 
he  soon  gave  up  crying  for  it. 

I  have  made  no  separate  table  showing  when  his 
sleep  occurred,  but  it  is  noted  on  each  of  the  monthly 
charts  by  the  line  at  the  right  of  the  interval  line. 
He  began  by  sleeping  after  every  feeding,  and  the 
charts  show  that  during  the  entire  third  month  there 
were  only  six  times  when  he  did  not  sleep  after  nurs- 
ing. By  the  fifth  month  he  remained  awake  for  an 
average  of  one  interval  a  day — the  late  afternoon 
period.  Naps  were  gradually  omitted  between  day 
meals,  until,  by  the  eleventh  month,  he  was  taking- 
only  the  long  night  sleep  and  one  day  nap  in  the 
afternoon,  and  this  continued  to  be  the  rule  through 
the  second  vear. 

6.    Feces.    (See  Chart  XXVI,  6.) 

(A)  Frequency.  Provided  that  the  feces  re- 
mained normal,  the  interval  between  them  did  not 
of  itself  seem  to  offer  in  this  particular  case  any  evi- 


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Chart  XXVIII.  In  part  1  are  recorded  the  character  of  the  feces.  If  the 
feces  were  not  perfect,  in  some  cases,  I  could  guess  what  caused  the 
trouble.  These  supposed  causes  are  recorded  in  part  2,  and  the  remedies 
for  the  trouble  in  part  3.  For  instance,  in  the  column  under  slightly 
loose,  SY  (1),  I  pick  out  several  times  as  causes  oatmeal,  teething, 
excessive  milk.  Running  down  same  column  to  part  3,  where  the 
remedies  are  suggested,  I  see  in  the  corresponding  spaces  (numbered 
by  iBonths)  for  "oatmeal,"  "return  to  barley"  ;  for  "excessive  milk," 
"milk  reduced"  ;  for  "teething,"  "food  reduced  and  diluted,  barley, 
farina,  cream  of  wheat  and  zwiebach"  given.  In  the  same  way  for 
the  slightly  constipated  feces.  SY(c)  I  note  that  excessive  food  and 
excessive  barley  were  suggested  as  the  cause,  and  that  the  quantity  of' 
food  was  reduced  and  oatmeal  was  given. 

132 


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Chart  XXIX.  Note  the  high  percentage  (65%)  of  perfect  feces,  and 
in  28%  more  the  disturbances  were  only  slight.  Practically  only 
7%.  were  bad,  and,  computing  from  other  data,  nearly  half  of 
these  came  after  castor  oil  or  gray  powder  tablets  had  been 
given. 


133 


134  HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY    WELL 

dence  of  trouble,  unless  it  was  that  the  too  frequent 
feces  meant  too  much  food.  Once  a  feces  which  came 
after  a  period  of  50  hours  (twenty-second  week,  first 
day)  was  pronounced  perfect  by  a  physician.  An- 
other time  after  70  hours  (twenty- seventh  week, 
fourth  day)  a  perfect  feces  came,  and  there  have 
been  other  long  periods,  over  24  hours,  followed  by 
good  feces.  Or,  again,  there  have  been  as  many  as 
three  or  four  small  movements  a  day ;  but  if  all  were 
good,  and  were  at  the  same  time  unaccompanied  by 
an}^  evidence  of  indigestion,  no  change  was  made  in 
the  diet.  The  average  time-interval  for  the  feces 
during  the  two  years  has  been  21  hours. 

To  start  a  desire  to  evacuate,  particularly  if  it 
were  time  for  a  movement,  I  have  sometimes  used 
soap  suppositories. 

The  interval  between  the  feces  was  shortest  during 
the  first  month,  9  hours.  Then  for  the  following  8 
months  the  interval  was  longest,  ranging  from  24 
hours  to  36  hours,  averaging  one  in  28  hours.  For 
the  following  three  months  (ninth,  tenth  and  elev- 
enth), when  the  weaning  began  and  the  new  food  was 
being  introduced,  the  average  interval  was  less,  19i/:> 
hours,  and  it  was  still  less  for  the  remainder  of  the  25 
months,  ranging  from  12  hours  to  20  hours,  and  av- 
eraging about  16  hours. 

(B)  Character.  Sometimes  the  mouth  and  stom- 
ach would  pass  food  that  the  intestines  could  not 
handle  successfully.  The  feces  then  furnished  an- 
other check  to  the  diet.  What  has  seemed  to  me  to  be 
a  normal  feces  in  this  case,  and  therefore  a  reliable 
evidence  that  all  the  food  was  thoroughly  digested, 
had  the  following  characteristics :  In  color  it  was  a 
dull  yellow,  light  at  first,  growing  darker  as  more 


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SUMMARIES  135 

solid  foods  were  taken;*  in  texture  it  was  smooth 
like  thick  cream  or  soft  mud,  hut  not  Uke  pot  cheese, 
broken  up  into  curds ;  in  consistency,  at  first  it  was 
as  thin  as  cream,  but  later  more  like  thin  paste  or 
like  modeling  clay.  I  noticed  also  that  in  tlie  same 
feces  the  color  and  consistency  would  frequently 
vary.  The  first  part  of  the  feces  to  leave  the  rectum 
would  sometimes  be  darker,  more  compact  and  some- 
times folded,  or  rarely  separated  into  halls,  whereas 
the  last  would  he  lighter,  less  compact  and  unfolded, 
but  this  variation,  I  was  told,  was  no  evidence  of  in- 
digestion so  long  as  all  was  smooth.  The  explana- 
tion was  that  the  longer  the  feces  remained  in  the 
rectum,  the  darker  and  more  compact,  or  dryer,  it 
became.  As  to  the  odor,  in  the  earlier  months  it 
somewhat  resembled  that  of  lima-hean  soup ;  later  it 
was  stronger,  quite  characteristic,  hut  not  offensive. 
In  the  abnormal  feces  these  elements  were  modi- 
fied little  or  much,  according  to  the  character  of  the 
disturhance.  The  only  changes  in  the  color  that  I 
noted  were  a  bright  yellow,  caused,  so  the  doctors 
consulted  told  me,  by  excessive  fat  in  the  formula,  a 
matter  easily  corrected,  and  a  modification  of  the 
yellow  by  green,  var^nng  from  the  slightest  amount 
of  green  in  the  yellow  to  an  excessive  amount  that 


*IiK;identnlly.  I  should  like  to  suggest  that  the  following  contri- 
bution to  the  science  of  baljy  cnltnre  might  l)e  of  value:  namely, 
records  from  which  charts  would  later  he  made  of  the  colors  of  the 
feces,  both  normal  and  abnormal.  That  a  inother  should  be  shown 
what  to  exi)ect  In  this  matter  is,  I  believe,  (luite  as  iuijiortant  as 
that  she  should  know  what  to  expect  in  the  matter  of  weight  and 
growth  genei-ally.  In  fact,  who  knows  but  it  may  be  more  imixH'- 
tant  as  a  guide  in  feeding  than  the  tables  of  weight?  I  noted  the 
changes  in  color  by  certain  letters,  but  a  color  chart  of  colored 
papers  or  paint  would  have  made  tlie  record  more  accurate,  and 
in  preparing  a  chart  as  a  guide  would  tell  the  story  better. 


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136 


SUMMAEIES 


137 


made  it  a  yellowish  green.  This  green  always 
aroused  my  suspicions  that  something  too  difficult 
to  digest  had  been  eaten,  and  since  only  one  new 
thing  was  introduced  at  a  time,  I  could  generally 
locate  the  disturbing  element  at  once  and  omit  it  for 
the  next  meal  or  meals.  During  the  nursing  period 
I  sometimes  thought  I  could  trace  the  disturbance  to 
what  I  had  eaten. 

When  the  texture  was  changed  by  being  badly 
curdled  or  slimy,  it  was  corrected  by  modifying  the 
food,  generally  radical.  The  feces  were  shmy  1-1 
times,  but  six  of  these  were  after  castor  oil  had  been 
taken.  Sometimes  the  consistency  was  modilied  by 
becoming  either  watery  (loose)  or  else  very  com- 
pact (constipated).  There  was  little  variation  in 
this  respect  while  nursing.  Later  barley  and  zwie- 
bach  tended  to  correct  the  loose  feces ;  oatmeal  and 
wheatena  the  constipated  one.  If  nothing  else  inter- 
fered, a  diet  compounded  of  these  foods  kept  the 
feces  about  normal. 

While  the  teeth  were  working  their  way  through 
the  feces  were  repeatedly  made  loose. 

All  disturbances  were  accompanied  by  offensive 
smells. 

Chart  XXIX  summarizes  clearly  the  character 
of  the  feces  and  shows  that  the  perfect  feces  (SY, 
smooth,  yellow,  first  row)  were  in  excess  (65%)  of 
the  irregular  ones.  The  next  largest  group,  13.8% — 
SY  (1),  smootli,  yellow,  but  a  trifle  loose— were  those 
that  were  slightly  loose,  l)ut  otherwise  were  perfect. 
Tliey  Ijegan  with  the  introduction  of  artificial  milk 
(between  tlie  ninth  and  tenth  montlis),  and  teething 
also  kept  some  of  the  feces  loose.  Another  group  of 
3%_SY    (c),   smooth,  yellow,  but   slightly   consti- 


138  HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

pated — w^ere  sligiitly  constipated,  but  otherwise  nor- 
mal. Then  follows  a  group  of  three  (cSY,  slightly 
curdled  and  yellov/,  2.3%;  SgY,  smooth,  but  the  yel- 
low slightly  greenish,  4.4%,  and  cSgY,  both  slightly 
curdled  and  greenish,  4.5%,  in  all  11.2%,  which  were 
either  slightly  curdled  or  slightly  greenish,  or  a  little 
of  both.  These  slight  irregularities  appeared  in  28% 
of  all  movements.  Added  to  the  65  per  cent,  of  per- 
fect feces,  there  remain  about  7%  of  the  feces  that 
were  more  than  slightly  curdled  or  greenish,  or  were 
also  loose,  or  even  watery  or  slimy.  (This  does  not 
include  the  feces  from  the  third  to  the  seventh  weeks, 
during  which  time  no  record  was  kept.) 

What  I  thought  caused  these  irregularities,  and 
what  was  done  to  correct  them,  Chart  XXYIII,  1,  2 
and  3,  show.  The  following  is  a  summary  of  this 
chart : 

(C/.)     Causes  of  Irrcgidaritics  and  Remedies. 

I.     Before  Weaning  (First  Montli  to  Eighth  ]Month), 

During  the  first  eight  months,  not  including  a  period  of  about 
six  weelvS,  during  ^Yhicll  time  no  records  were  Ivept.  there  were  180 
evacuations,  of  which  83  were  imperfect  (see  Chart  XXXV),  and 
of  these  latter  22  were  accounted  for  by  the  following  things  which 
I  ate,  and  the  following  remedies  (see  Chart  XXX VI)  were  ap- 
plied to  correct  these  disturbances  : 


SUMMARIES 


139 


Characier  of  Frees  and  Cause 
of  Trotihle. 

*1     eSY,    apple    saiico    I    had 

eaten. 
1     eSY.  tomatoes  I  had  eaten. 

1  oSgY,  peaches  I  had  eaten. 

2  cSgY,   tart   prunes   I   had 

eaten. 


^  I  4  SgY       excessive  oliv 

.  \  3  SgY 
^ I  2  cSgY 


eoil 
I  liad  eaten. 


excessive  cream  I 
had  eaten. 

4  f  2  SgY 
I  2  cSgY     excessive       corn- 
meal      I      had 
eaten. 


l 


Remedied   hjj  My 


Omitting  apple  sance. 

"  tomatoes. 

"         peaches. 
"  tart  prunes. 


Eating  less  olive  oil. 


cream. 


cornmeal. 


II.     During  the  Weaning  Period  (Ninth  Month  to  Tenth  Month). 

-'  During  the  ninth  and  tenth  months,  \Aiien  the  baby  was  having 
both  breast  and  bottle  foods,  there  were  93  feces,  of  which  84  were 
imperfect.  Of  these  latter  17  were  accounted  for  as  shown  below, 
and  the  following  remedies  were  applied : 

Charaeter  of  Feces  and  j  Remedy. 

Cause  of   Trouhle.  j 

(a)   Mother's  milk. 
1     SgY.  peaches  I  had  eaten.     |       Mother  omitted  peaches. 

(/>)   Other  food. 

He  omitted  one  meal. 
Plain  barley  and  castor  oil. 

[  Castor  oil  and  gi'ay  pwd.  tab. 

Plain  barley. 
,  A  fast. 
[  Breast  meals. 

(  Discontinue    castor    oil    and 
I      gray  pwd.  tab. 


1     SY   (1).  excessive  food. 
.  (3  SGY  excessive 

*|l  CgY  (1)         milk. 

3     Slimy,  too  little  barley. 


nd 


*For  abbreviations  used,  see  p.  l.">. 

III.     Fi'om  the  Eleventh  Month  to  the  Twenty-fifth  Month. 
From  the  time  when  the  baby  was  weaned  (the  eleventh  month) 
until   the  twenty-fifth   month    (over  two  years),   there  were   030 


140 


HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY    WELL 


eviicnations,   oC  \Ylncli  202   wQve  imperfect.     Of  these  latter,   127 
\Ycre  accounted  for  and  reiiicdied  as  follows: 


Churacier  of  Feces  and  Cause 
of  Trouhle. 

35     SY    (1),  teething. 


20-^ 


14 


SY   (1),  oatmeal. 

SY   (1),  wheatena. 

SY  (1),  shredded  wheat 
and  wheatena. 

SY  (1),  Dr.  Thomas'  un- 
cooked bread. 

SY   (c),  farina. 

SY   (c),  barley. 

2  cSgY 

6  SgY    (1) 

G  Slimv        V  castor  oil. 
2  CgY 
1  CY   (1)    ^ 

1  cSY,  castor  oil  &  gr.  pwd. 

2  CgY   (1),  castor  oil. 

7  SY     (1)] 

2  SY   (c)     Uxcess.  food. 
5  SgY   (1) J 


fS  SY   (1) 


14-^ 


1  SyG 

2  CY   (1) 
1  Slimy 

1  cSY   (1) 


excess,  milk. 


1  cSY 

1     CgY   (1)  sterilized  milk. 
1     Boiled  milk.    CY   (1). 

5     Straight    milk,    excessive 
food  or  orange. 


Celery,  bread  or  milk. 


cSY,  Beef. 

SY  (1),  sour  barley.  (?) 

SgY,  peach  juice. 
Watery  after  vomiting. 
2  SY   (1)    ] 

1  cSgY        Uoap  or  beef. 
1  cSG  (1)  J 


Reinedif. 

r  Foods  tending  to  constipate 
<  used   chiotly,   but   food   also 

[  reduced  and  diluted. 
Returned  to  barley. 
Returned  to  barley. 
Returned  to  farina. 

Omit  this  bread. 

Returned  to  oatmeal. 
Returned  to  oatmeal. 


Omitted    castor    oil    and    gr, 
pwd.   tab. 


("Food  reduced  and  diluted. 
i  Food  reduced. 
[  Food  reduced  and  diluted. 
[  1.  Plain  barley. 
2.  Milk  reduced. 
5.  Milk  reduced  and  diluted. 
Milk  reduced. 
Milk  reduced  and  diluted. 
Milk  reduced. 
Milk    reduced    and   plain 

barley. 
Plain  barley,  diluted. 
Back  to  pasteurized  milk. 
Discontinued  boiling  milk. 
Limewater    for    eight   days, 
food   reduced,    orange   omit- 
ted. 

Omitted  celery ;  zwieback  in 
place  of  bread ;  pasteurized 
milk   in   place  of   sterilized 
milk. 
Omitted  beef. 

Castor    oil ;    omitted    milk ; 
reduced  food. 
Omitted  peach  juice. 
Food  reduced  and  diluted, 

10   per    cent,    milk    and   food 
diluted. 


SUMMAEIES  141 

In  general,  the  method  of  treatment  was  as  fol- 
lows: If  the  feces  were  curdled,  greenish,  too  fre- 
quent, too  constipated  or  in  any  way  ahnormal,  I 
looked  for  the  cause  of  the  troul^le  first  in  the  food. 
If  it  could  be  located  there,  the  change  was  made  in 
the  diet  that  I  felt  most  certain  would  correct  the 
disturbances.  But  if  the  cause  seemed  to  be  teething 
(when  the  feces  were  inclined  to  be  loose),  then  the 
diet  was  confined  to  dried  bread,  barley,  farina  and 
other  constipating  foods,  and  no  new  experiments 
were  made.  When  the  baby  began  to  take  artificial 
food,  each  new  food  given  was  introduced  in  small 
quantities,  one  new  one  at  a  time,  and  the  results 
watched  for  and  noted.  If  his  intestines  could  con- 
tinue to  turn  out  a  smooth,  yellow  feces,  and  there 
were  no  other  evidences  of  disturbance,  a  little  more 
of  the  same  food  was  given  the  next  day  and  the  re- 
sults noted.  But  if  the  intestines  failed  properly  to 
digest  the  food,  I  concluded  that  it  was  because  they 
had  been  called  upon  to  perform  too  difficult  a  task, 
and  went  back  to  a  simple  formula.  If  the  disturb- 
ance was  great,  then  I  went  back  to  the  most  easih^ 
digested  food,  to  that  formula  which  I  knew  his  in- 
testines could  handle  perfectly,  and  continued  its  use 
until  a  perfect  movement,  or  at  least  a  better  move- 
ment resulted.  Then  I  began  again  with  the  new 
food,  this  time  increasing  it  more  slowly  or  making 
it  more  dilute.  Five  times  it  seemed  best  to  use  medi- 
cation, and  castor  oil  was  given.  (The  other  times 
when  castor  oil  was  used  it  was  as  a  preventative 
when  he  had  a  cold.) 

I  began  in  the  third  month  to  accustom  the  baby 
to  the  use  of  the  chamber.  In  the  matter  of  the  feces, 
for  10  of  the  early  months,  the  third  and  fourth, 


142  HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

seventh,  eighth,  ninth  and  tenth,  and  the  fifteenth, 
sixteenth,  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  months,  tlie 
average  canght  in  the  chamber  was  one-sixth  of  the 
total  nnmber.  The  exceptional  montlLs  Avere  tlie 
fifth  and  sixth,  the  eleventli  and  tAvelfth,  and  tlie  thir- 
teenth and  fonrteenth  months,  when  the  average  was 
betAveen  one-third  and  one-half.  Bnt  from  the  nine- 
teenth month  on  the  progress  was  steady  from 
one-half  for  three  months  to  five-sixths,  to  tAvo- 
thirds,  to  three-fonrths,  and  finally  in  the  twenty- 
fifth  month  all  were  caught  in  the  cham1)er.  He  had 
learned  to  ask  in  time.  As  to  his  urinating,  I  have 
kept  no  record,  but  1  began  to  accustom^  him  to 
urinate  in  the  chamber  during  the  third  month.  1 
held  him  over  his  chamber,  some  time  within  half  an 
hour  after  eating  or  drinking  (unless  he  were  asleep) 
and  immediately  upon  waking.  The  first  dry  day 
came  Avhen  he  was  22  months  2  days  old.  Twice  that 
day  he  had  asked,  but  the  other  times  I  had  taken  him. 
From  22  months  5  days  to  22  months  1  week  5  days 
was  the  first  Aveek  of  dry  nights.  On  22  months  1 
week  5  days  he  got  his  first  spanking  for  wetting  his 
diaper,  and  had  the  awfulness  of  a  wet  diaper  duly 
impressed  upon  him.  During  the  twenty-third  month 
he  would  ask  to  go  after  he  had  begun  to  urinate. 
But  by  two  years  he  had  learned  to  ask,  and  to  ask  in 
time,  and  to  control  the  muscles  iuA^olved,  so  that  he 
could  Avear  drawers  instead  of  diapers. 

7.     Skin.     (See  Chart  XXX.) 

(A)  Regular  treatment.  The  regular  treatment 
for  the  skin  was  as  folloAvs :  The  flesh  was  washed 
daily  and  kept  clean  Avith  iA^ory  soap.  The  tempera- 
ture of  the  water  at  first  Avas  97°,  but  after  the  fifth 
month  Avas  gradually  reduced  to  92°.    A  powder  of 


SUMMARIES 


143 


cornstarch  and  boric  acid  (2  to  1)  was  used  at  first 
all  over  the  body,  l3iit  later  only  where  necessary, 
that  is,  where  flesh  touched  flesh,  or  where  flesh 
would  A'et  wet.  But  the  powder  would  ball  up 
when  it  got  wet,  leaving  tlie  flesh  exposed,  which 
meant  chafing  as  soon  as  moisture  came,  and  it 
seemed  as  if  the  friction  of  tiiese  balls  of  powder 
also  helped  to  make  the  flesh  sore.  So  instead  of  using 
the  powder  on  these  sore  places,  zinc  ointment,  which 
is  not  affected  by  moisture  and  which,  therefore, 
keeps  the  tender  flesh  covered,  was  used,  and  proved 
to  be  much  more  satisfactory  than  powder  about  the 
genital  organs. 

For  the  eyes  an  eye  wash  of  1  tsp.  of  boracic  acid 
to  1  cup  of  water  was  used  daily  for  about  six 
months,  and  again  during  the  twenty-fourth  month, 
when  the  cold  made  a  little  matter  form  in  the  eyes. 
The  ears  were  cleaned  daily,  or  when  necessary, 
with  a  little  albolene  on  some  absorbent  cotton 
wrapped  around  tiie  end  of  a  toothpick. 

The  nose  was  cleaned  daily  with  a  little  albolene 
on  some  absorbent  cotton  wrapped  around  the  end 
of  a  toothpick,  and  if  the  baby  were  going  where  he 
would  be  likely  to  be  exposed  to  contagious  diseases, 
after  the  tenth  month  he  was  sprayed  with  mucol, 
even  though  he  had  no  indication  of  a  cold.  But  this 
did  not  happen  very  frequently. 

The  scalp  was  washed  daily  with  soap  and  water 
until  it  became  sore.  Whether  I  used  too  much  soap 
or  did  not  wash  the  soapsuds  all  out,  I  do  not  know, 
but  after  it  became  sore  it  was  washed  with  soap 
only  about  once  a  month,  and  when  well  again,  once 

a  week. 

(B)     Evidences  of  trouble  and  special  treatment. 


,    1908 
lb%.  ^«     «' 


/eos 


/3/0. 


Jt     7y     .fl<7     S^     Oc     Ac,  Pe    >/5     /•"«       «»:    ^^.    /^y  ■>«      >/y     ^9    5^     Oc    />»    De.    '^.    ^.     Afcv 


"Wei (]ht  lbs. 


Hot?-  /he   dotted  //ne  /ndi'carei   The 
avera<fe  /ncreose   /n    h-e/oht.    accordi'no    fO' 
Mt. 


Chart    XXXII.     Weaning,    teetliing,    and    two    winter    colds    retarded    the 

weia'.it. 


144 


SUMMAKIES 


145 


The  evidences  of  disorder  in  the  skin  are  grouped 
mider  six  heads:  1,  Eash;  2,  Pimples;  3,  Sore  scalp; 
4,  Sore  face ;  5,  Flesh  rougli  (sore) ;  6,  Sore  about  the 
anus.  In  the  columns  following  these  items  is  re- 
corded the  number  of  days  each  lasted.  Under  pim- 
ples the  numl)er  of  pimples  is  also  recorded. 

The  treatment  for  these  disorders  was  either  local 
or  systemic,  or  both.  There  were  four  ways  in  which 
the  diet  was  modified  (see  Chart  XXX)  :  The  food 
was  reduced  ;  oatmeal  was  omitted ;  only  barley  was 
used,  and  meat  was  omitted.  And  there  were  11 
curatives  used  on  the  skin :  White  vaseline,  albolene, 
salt  baths,  zinc  ointment,  cold  cream,  violet  emolhent, 
lanoline,  oil  of  cade,  sulphur,  olive  oil,  and  resorcin. 

After  each  of  these  15  remedies  for  the  skin  I  have 
placed  the  number  of  the  particular  disorder  for 
which  it  was  used.  For  instance,  after  ' '  salt  baths ' ' 
is  the  number  5.  Eef erring  back  to  number  5, 1  read, 
"Flesh,  rough  sore,"  etc.  Or,  working  the  table  the 
other  way,  for  pimples  (No.  2),  I  see  they  were 
treated  in  the  third  and  fifth  months  by  a  reduction 
of  the  food,  and  in  the  twenty-first  month  by  zinc 

ointment. 

Summarizing  the  skin  affections  in  this  way,  the 
rash  lasted  in  all  23.5  days.  Ordinarily  the  daily  use 
of  powder  was  sufficient  to  heal  it,  though  once 
(thirteenth  month)  food  was  reduced,  and  once  (sev- 
enteenth month)  plain  barley  was  used  and  zinc  oint- 
ment ai)plied.  For  the  pimples,  of  which  there  ap- 
peared 19,  which  lasted  in  all  7.5  days,  on  the  third 
month  the  food  was  reduced,  and  on  the  twenty-first 
month  zinc  ointment  was  applied.  For  the  sore  scalp 
food  was  reduced  in  the  fifth  month  (though  prob- 
ably without  effect) ;  white  vaseline  was  used  in  the 


^ 


^ 


o 


v^ 


a. 


«3 
O 
O.I' 


S         rn 


y. 

■M 


14(J 


SUMMARIES  147 

third,  fifth,  seventh,  eighth  and  twelfth  months; 
liquid  alholene  in  the  twenty-third  month  (tended  to 
make  scalp  more  itchy)  ;  zinc  ointment  in  the  sixth 
and  eighth  months;  cold  cream  (frequently  mixed 
with  vaseline)  in  the  sixth  and  twelfth  months ;  lano- 
line  and  oil  of  cade  (doctor's  prescription)  in  the 
twelfth  month;  lanoline,  oil  of  cade  and  sulphur, 
thirteenth  month  (this  cleaned  up  all  the  sores) ; 
olive  oil  in  thirteenth,  twenty-fourth  and  twenty-fifth 
months  was  not  satisfactory,  as  it  made  scalp  itchy; 
resorcin  (doctor's  prescription)  was  used  in  the 
twenty- fifth  month.  For  sore  face  (seemed  to  be 
sore  like  the  scalp)  there  was  tried  reduced  diet,  fifth, 
sixth  and  ninth  months ;  white  vaseline,  fifth,  eighth, 
ninth,  tenth  and  eleventh  months;  zinc  ointment, 
sixth,  eighth,  ninth  and  tenth  months;  cold  cream, 
sixth,  eighth,  ninth,  tenth  and  eleventh  months; 
violet  emollient,  tenth,  eleventh  and  twelfth  months, 
after  which  it  got  well.  (Several  times  both  scalp 
and  face  would  get  entirely  well,  and  then  in  an  un- 
guarded moment  he  would  scratch  them  sore  again.) 
For  rough  or  sore  flesh,  reduced  diet,  fifth  month;  a 
fast  in  the  twenty-first  month,  and  white  vaseline 
during  the  fifth,  seventh,  eighth  and  twenty-first 
months;  albolene,  fifth  month;  salt  baths,  fifth,  sixth 
and  seventh  months.  For  soreness  about  anus,  re- 
duced food,  fifteenth  month,  and  omitted  oatmeal, 
fourteenth  month. 

8.     Colds.    (See  Chart  XXXI.) 

(A)  Frequency.  Leonard  had  a  slight  cold  when 
he  left  the  hospital,  and  had  had  a  dose  of  castor  oil 
and  rhubarb  administered  to  him  there.  From  then 
(February)  until  the  follovv^ing  November  he  was 
free  from  colds.    Through  the  day  and  often  late  into 


^ 


-1 


^ 


4^ 


i    -^ 


.c; 


l^ 


ID  liT 


t: 


t~-~    ^o 


148 


SUMMARIES 


149 


the  night,  practically  all  that  summer,  he  slept  in  his 
bassinet,  securely  fastened,  on  the  window  sill.  His 
colds  (and  even  the  least  sniffling  has  been  considered 
a  cold)  did  not  begin  until  the  steam  heat  was  on  in 
November,  and  he  had  to  spend  more  of  his  time  in- 
doors. From  February  to  November  of  his  second 
year,  excepting  four  days,  he  was  again  free  from 
colds.  The  colds  came  in  November  and  January 
of  his  first  year,  and  in  November,  December  and 
January  of  his  second  year.  In  all  they  covered  62 
days,  or  8%  of  the  total  time. 

(B)  Treatment.  In  every  case  the  first  thing  I 
did  was  to  cut  down  the  food  and  then  to  get  the  feces 
in  perfect  condition.  Six  times  out  of  8,  castor  oil 
was  given;  twice  gray-powder  tablets  (though  not 
enough,  I  learned  later,  to  have  had  any  effect) ;  three 
times  when  there  was  difficulty  in  breathing,  a  mus- 
tard bath ;  and  once  when  a  little  cough  seemed  obsti- 
nate, some  pills  (antimony  and  ipecac,  1-100  of  a 
grain  of  each),  prescribed  by  Dr.  McCastline. 
-  For  local  treatment,  for  the  second  cold  later, 
mucol  was  used  at  the  first  symptom.  If  mucol  did 
not  check  the  cold,  then  menthol  and  albolene  were 
dropped  in  the  nose.  Three  times  when  he  began  to 
be  hoarse  a  mustard  plaster  was  put  on  the  chest, 
and  once  for  that  first  long  cold,  when  he  coughed 
for  a  long  while  and  could  not  seem  to  get  his  breath, 
the  fumes  of  compound  tincture  of  benzoine  were 

inhaled. 

9.  Behavior.  (See  p.  IIG,  Chart  XXVI,  9.)  To 
what  extent  mental  dispositions  may  influence  a 
])aby's  digestion,  or  a  baby's  digestion  may  influence 
his  mental  dispositions,  I  do  not  know,  but  I  am  con- 
vinced that  there  is  a  very  close  connection  there. 


o 


^ 


^ 


o 


'A 
'A 


150 


SUMMABIES  151 

At  any  rate,  restlessness,  particularly  when  it 
readied  the  stage  of  crossness,  and  still  more,  crying, 
pointed  another  finger  at  troubles  of  the  digestive 
tract.  Crying^  except  that  caused  by  hunger  or  pain 
in  teething,  or  the  desire  to  be  with  folks,  or  to  be 
taken  up,  came,  I  believe,  only  as  a  warning  that  a 
change  in  diet  was  needed. 

Once,  sixth  month,  the  baby's  behavior  was  half- 
way between  good  and  excellent;  twice,  second 
month  and  twelfth  month,  it  was  .4  away  from  excel- 
Jent;  once,  ninth  month,  it  was  .3  away  from  excel- 
lent; four  times,  third,  fourth,  fifth  and  tenth 
months,  it  was  .2  away,  and  twice,  seventh  and  fif- 
teenth months,  it  was  one-eighth  away.  But  for  the 
remaining  13  months  it  averaged  only  some  hun- 
dredths (.06)  away  from  excellent,  and  for  the  last 
week,  when  all  the  first  16  teeth,  were  finally  through, 
his  behavior  was  excellent. 

10.  Crying.  (See  p.  116,  Chart  XXVI,  10.) 
(A)  Causes.  In  recording  the  crying  I  have  not 
included  those  times  he  cried  when  hurt  by  falling, 
but  have  noted  only  the  crying  from  other  causes. 
For  at  least  10  months  (tenth,  twelfth,  fourteenth, 
fifteenth,  sixteenth,  nineteenth,  twenty-first,  twenty- 
second,  twenty-third  and  twenty-fourth  months) 
probably  most  of  the  crying  was  caused  by  teething 
pains,  judging  from  the  facts  that  he  drooled,  kept 
his  fingers  in  his  mouth,  and  that  tannic  acid  rubbed 
on  the  gums  brought  relief.  Three  times  he  cried 
while  vomiting  or  doing  feces.  Again,  seventh  and 
twentieth  months,  he  cried  for  company  when  put  to 
bed.  During  the  sixth  and  ninth  months  the  cause 
was  probfably  wrong  feeding.  Twice,  fifteenth  and 
eight-^erith  months,  it  was  because  of  a  wet  diaper. 


152  HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY    WELL 

During  the  twentieth  month  he  cried  after  castor  oil 
had  been  taken,  and  during  the  nineteenth  month  I 
believe  he  fretted  because  he  was  hungry.  These 
were  the  most  evident  causes  for  his  tears,  though 
frequently  I  was  at  a  loss  for  an  explanation. 

(B)  Frequency.  During  16  months  (fifth,  eighth, 
eleventh,  and  from  the  thirteenth  to  the  twenty- fifth) 
the  average  was  less  tJian  one  minute  a  day  (0.8).  For 
six  months  (fourth,  sixth,  seventh,  ninth,  tenth  and 
twelfth)  the  average  was  7.4  minutes  a  day;  for  the 
third  month  23,  and  for  the  second  month  37  minutes 
a  day. 

10.  Weight  and  other  measurements.  (See  Chart 
XXXII.)  Growth  was  fastest  during  the  first  six 
months.  Throughout  it  was  impeded  in  proportion 
to  the  irregularities  in  his  general  condition.  The 
first  weight  was  taken  at  the  hospital;  I  took  those 
following  up  to  September,  1908;  Dr.  McCastline 
took  the  rest.  (The  dotted  line  is  the  Holt  average.) 
All  weights  were  taken  without  clothes. 

Leonard  started  0.4  of  a  pound  below  the  Holt 
average,  but  the  difference  steadily  decreased  until 
by  the  end  of  the  month  he  was  up  to  the  standard. 
Later  for  3.5  months  (middle  of  January,  through 
April,  1909)  he  was  0.5  jDound  or  less  below  it. 
Thereafter  he  was  above.  In  August,  1908,  and  in 
November,  1909,  he  was  about  2.5  pounds  above  the 
Holt  average. 

Teething  and  a  cold  account  for  loss  of  weight  in 
September,  October,  November,  December,  1908,  and 
in  November,  December,  1909,  and  January  and  Feb- 
ruary, 1910. 

After  September,  1908,  Dr.  McCastline  took  17 
other  careful  measurements,  and  these,  together  with 


SUMMARIES 


153 


a  few  measurements  taken  at  birth  at  tlie  hospital, 
such  as  those  of  the  head,  length  of  the  body  and 
girth  of  neck,  are  recorded  in  the  following  charts : 


XXXIII. 

XXXIY. 

XXXV. 

XXXVI. 


Length  of  Body 


and  Foot. 
Head  Measurements. 
Girth  of  Neck. 

Girths  of  Head,  Ninth  Rib,  Hips,  Chest 
and  Waist. 
XXXVII.     Breadth  of  Shoulders,  Ninth  Rib,  Hips 
and  Chest,  and  Depth  of  Abdomen 
and  Chest. 
The  following  list  of  these  items  shows  the  first 
and  last  measurements  taken  in  each  case  and  the 
relative  gain  in  two  years,  or  from  the  ninth  to  the 
twentv-f ourth  month : 


At  Birth. 
Weight 7  pounds. 

Length.  .  ^,^^^^   (1  Yr.; 
Breadth . .  .  "j 


Body 19.5 

4.4 
3.75 
Fronto-occ.  ]^  Head 4.8 


mc 


Oce.  Ment.  J  5.25 

Cephalic  index 78.1% 

Circ— Neck 14.5 


hes. 


At  2  Years. 
2S  pounds. 
33.4     inches. 

5.25 

5.45 

6.8 

7.75 
80.0% 
22.5 


Gain 
in  Per 
Cent. 
300 

71 

19 

45 

42 

41. 
1.9 

55 


At  7  Months. 


Breadth 


Depth 


Circ.  < 


Shoulders 


Chest 5.4 

Ninth  Kib .  .  .  5.9 

Hips 5.0 

5  Chest 4.7 

}  Abdomen 4.7 

Head 18.1 

Chest 16.5 

Ninth  Kib 17.2 

Waist 16.1 

Hips 16.6 


8.6 

6.4 

6.6 

6.5 

5.05 

5.2 

19.5 

19.1 

19.6 

]8.6 

18.6 


25 
19 
12 
16 

7 
11 

8 
15 
14 
15 
12 


s 

tit. 

3    S 

S  a 

-t-> 

*3    3 

^  s 

p  ^ 

60  -M 
oi    a> 


<D 


o  S 

ca    a: 
bO  2 

.a  -tJ 


^    02 

«*     a:, 
Oi 

^  bo 

•*  .2 


en 


? 


n- 
^ 


154 


SUMMARIES  155 

12.  Physical  achievements.  (See  Plates  I,  II  and 
III.)  As  a  matter  of  general  observation,  it  seemed 
that  the  periods  of  greatest  physical  activity  were 
coexistent  with  the  periods  of  the  "most  perfect 
health,  and  activity  diminished  during  other  times 
in  direct  ratio  to  the  physical  irregularities. 

The  following  is  the  order  in  which  and  the  dates 
when  the  activities  were  mastered: 

First  Month: 
(3.5  W.).     raying  on  his  stomach,  he  held  np  his  head,  as  in  p.  17G, 
Plate  I,  No.  2. 

Second  Month: 
Held  up  head  more  steadily. 

Third  Month: 
(low.).     Smiled. 
(12  W.  2D.).     Laughed  aloud. 

Fourth  Month: 

(15  W.  ID.).  Sat  up  alone  for  about  two  minutes. 

(15  W.  4  D.).  Found  his  hands,  after  several  days'  trial. 

(16  W.  4  D.).  I  held  him  up  by  his  feet.     (See  p.  176,  Plate  I, 

No.  3.) 

(16  W.  2D.).  Reached  out  and  caught  hold  of  scales. 

(17  W.  1  D.).  Held  him  suspended  by  his  arms. 

Fifth  Month: 
(17  W.  4  D.).     Laughed  heartily  when  his  toes  were  put  into  his 

mouth.  (See  Fig.  3,  p.  37.) 
(17  W.  6  D.).     I  held  him  up  by  his  hands  and  he  put  his  feet  on 

my  chest. 
(18  W.).     Rode  cock-horse.     (See  Plate  I,  No.  4,  p.  176.) 
(19  W.  2D.).     Greeted  us  with  a  smile  and  gurglings. 
(19  W.  6  D.).     Tried  to  raise  himself  up  by  propping  himself  on 

one  elbow.     Later   tried  to  pull  himself  up  by  pulling  on  the 

horizontal  bar  in  his  basket.    Again,  lying  on  the  bed,  he  grasped 

his  father's  fingers  and  after  three  attempts  pulled  himself  up 

to  a  sitting  position. 
(20  W.).     Kicked   hard   against   the  bar    (broom   handle)    in    his 

basket.    Laughed  heartily  when  I  pinched  and  slapped.    Holding 


*'+^ 


yi 


^3    o 


W) 

I.W 

a 

^ 

la 

^ 

^ 

~ 

o 

^ 

'-• 

c 

-t-i 

> 

o 

cS 

c 

fl 

-4-> 

-t-J 

^ 

fl 

„ 

o 

-c 

a 

c 

o 


CO 


i//p^pyg  ^c/3c 


15@ 


SUMMARIES  157 

slapped.    Holding  on  to  a  stick  which  I  held  out  to  him,  he  raised 

himself  up  several  times  from  a  lyiug  to  a  sitting  position. 
Sixth  Month: 
(22  W. ).     Sat  alone  for  from  three  to  tive  minutes. 
(23  W.).     First  ride  out-of-doors  in  carriage.     Sat  up  straight  for 

an  hour.     (See  p.  170,  Plate  1.  No.  11.) 
(23  W.).     Pulled  himself  up  Avhenever   he  could  get  hold  of  my 

fingers.     Kicked  and  splashed  in  his  tub. 
tScvejith  Month: 
Lying  on  his  back,  he  kicked  a  tin  pan  almost  steadily  for  an  hour. 
(27  \y.  2D.).     Stood  alone  by  his  basket.     (See  p.  178,  Plate  II, 

No.  1.)     Seized  every  opportunity  to  try  to  pull  himself  up  on  his 

feet. 
(28  W.).     Pulled  himself  up  alone  to  a  standing  position. 
(28  W.  5  D.).     Moved,  by  rolling  on  the  floor,  a  distance  of  three 

feet. 

Eighth  Month: 
(32  W.  4  D.).     Took  steps  when  supported. 
(33  W.  2D.).     Walked,  by  grasping  moving  things. 
(34  W.  ID.).     With  the  assistance  of  a  chair,  pulled  himself  up 

from  a  sitting  position  to  a  standing  position. 
Ninth  31 0 nth: 
Got  up  on  his  feet  at  everj^  opportunity. 

Managed  his  baby  tender  very  well  (see  p.  178,  Plate  II,  No.  0). 
Held  his  own  weight  hanging  from   a   stick  or  clothes  line    (see 

p.  178,  Plate  II,  Nos.  4  and  8). 
Tenth  Month: 
At  home  on  his  feet,   but   had  to   grasp  something  to   keep   his 

balance  (see  p.  178,  Plate  II,  Nos.  3,  5  and  7). 
Eleventh  Month: 
(43  W.  5  D.).     Took  three  steps  alone  twice. 
(43  W.  6  D.).     Took  about  50  steps,  holding  my  hand. 
(44  W.).     Took  five  steps,  holding  my  apron. 
(4G  W.  4  D.).     Walked  behind  his  carriage,  pushing  it. 
(4G  W.  G  D.).     Walked  from   one  person   to   another   a   few  feet 

away.     Took  several  long  walks  while  I  held  his  jaclvct  and  he 

balanced  himself  with  his  clenched  fists. 
(47  W.).     Walked  to  me  (five  feet  away)  when  I  was  not  expect- 
.  ing  him  to  come. 

Twelfth  Month: 
Walked  all  about,  assisting  himself  by  people  or  furniture,  grow- 


158  HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY    WELL 

ing  more  and  more  venturesome,  and  having  many  bard  tumbles. 
Finally,  while  walking  from  another  person  to  me,  and  being 
chased,  in  his  haste  he  gave  up  his  support  and  ran  into  my  arms. 
After  this,  he  walked  other  distances  alone. 
(52  AY.  ID.).  As  he  walks  up  to  things,  instead  of  grabbing  hold 
tight  for  support,  he  only  touches  them  lightly  and  walks  on. 

TJiirteenth  Month: 
(1  Y.  1  W.  3D.).     Ran    as   well    as    walked.      Climbed    up    and 

down  stairs,  holding  my  hand. 
(1  Y.  2  W.).     Climbed  upstairs  on  his  hands  and  knees  alone. 

Fourteenth  Month: 

Walked  more,  ran  more,  climbed  more  stairs.  On  favorable  days 
(February)  walked  in  Riverside  Park. 

(13  M.  1  W.).  Dug  up  his  first  shovelful  of  dirt  in  Riverside 
(see  p.  180,  Plate  III,  No.  3.). 

Got  up  and  down  from  a  sitting  or  lying  position  to  his  feet  with- 
out assistance  of  chair  or  person. 

Fifteenth  and  Sixteenth  Months: 
Increased  facility  in  all  achievements. 

Seventeenth  Month: 
Climbed  on  to  dining  table  by  means  of  a  chair,  without  assistance 
or  disaster. 

Eighteenth  Month: 
Climbed  everything  climable. 

Nineteenth  Month: 
Climbed  all  about  the  Park  benches. 
Hammered  nails,  and  hit  them  straight  on  the  head  most  of  the 

time  (see  p.  180,  Plate  III,  No.  5). 
(38.5  M.).     Walked  all  the  way  up  and  down  six  flights  of  stairs, 

holding  my  hand  and  the  banister. 
(18  M.  3  W.).     Climbed  to  fourth   step  of  a   ladder   alone    (see 

p.  180,  Plate  III,  No.  10). 
Tried  to  jump  while  walking. 

Twentieth  Month: 
Ran    and   climbed,   went   up   and   down   stairs   with    increasingly 
greater  ease,  fed  himself  and  did  not  spill  much. 

Ticenty-first  Month: 
Increased  facility  in  all  achievements. 


SUMMARIES 


159 


Ticenty-second  Month: 
More  A^igoroiis  and  sure  in  his  activities. 

Ticenty-tJiird  Month ; 

Sprayed  bis  own  nose  and  throat  while  I  stood  by  to  assist   (see 
p.  180,  Plate  III,  No.  2). 
Twen  ty-fo  iirth  Month  : 

Blew  bis  own  nose.  Walked  down  stairs,  holding  to  the  banister, 
but  pushing  my  hand  away.  Helped  mother  about  the  house ; 
carried  dishes,  manipulated  broom  and  sweeper  and  carpet- 
beater,  broke  up  macaroni,  and  did  several  little  errands  for  her. 
Held  absorbent  cotton  over  his  own  eyes  while  mother  dropped 
menthol  in  his  nose. 

Twenty-fifth  Month: 

Held  chamber  for  himself  to  urinate,  put  it  down,  raised  both 
lids  of  the  toilet,  emptied  chamber,  put  it  down,  turned  on  water 
in  tiib,  got  water  in  chamber  and  emptied  chamber  in  toilet  and 

.  turned  off  water,  rarely  spilling  any.  Took  my  hand  as  an  equal, 
but  no  longer  as  a  dependent.  Always  ran  when  on  an  errand. 
Walked  on  all  fours,  with  knee-joint  straight.  Investigated 
everything  he  could  rccich — water  hydrants,  bicycles,  automobiles, 
etc. ;  pulled  the  dumbwaiter  up  and  down,  and  manipulated  most 
of  the  mechanisms  on  an  Underwood  typewriter.  Walked  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile  in  one  hour.  While  running  fast  could  turn  a 
sharp  corner  with  dexterity.     Threw  a  ball  well. 


The   Teef/i. 


('hart  XXXVIII.  The  numbers  on  the  second  and  third  lines  indi- 
cate the  order  in  which  tlie  teeth  appeared.  Twelve  were  in  by 
two  years. 


160  HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY    WELL 

13.  Teething.  (See  Chart  XXXVIIL)  The  teeth- 
ing process  was  sometmies  painful,  and  several  times 
upset  digestive  processes  to  such  an  extent  that  spe- 
cial foods  had  to  be  selected  during  tliose  intervals. 

I  believe  that  the  teeth  gave  no  trouble  until  the 
ninth  month.  Thereafter  painful  teething  was  indi- 
cated by  the  fact  that  the  mouth  drooled ;  that  he  kept 
putting  his  fingers  to  his  mouth ;  that  he  was  notice- 
ably indifferent,  or  fretted,  or  even  cried;  that  the 
feces  became  loose,  and  that  tannic  acid*  rubbed  on 
the  gums  always  brought  immediate  relief.  One  or 
several  of  these  indications  might  be  given ;  the  pres- 
ence of  all  of  them  was  positive  proof. 

The  gums  where  the  first  incisors  were  coming 
through  began  to  be  swollen  and  white  in  the  ninth 
month,  and  I  believe  that  some  of  the  irregularities 
of  that  and  of  the  tenth  month  as  well  were  caused 
by  the  pains  of  teething.  The  first  tooth,  however, 
to  cut  its  way  through,  was  the  lower  right  incisor, 
early  in  the  eleventh  month;  at  15.25  months  the 
eight  incisors  were  through.  These  were  followed 
by  the  four  front  double  teeth,  between  the  seven- 
teenth and  twenty-first  months,  and  these  by  the 
four  canines  from  the  twenty-third  to  the  twenty- 
fifth  months ;  the  last  one  was  cut  three  days  after  he 


*0f  three  physicians  and  two  dentists  who  were  consulted,  three 
advised  the  use  of  tannic  acid  (20  per  cent,  in  alcohol),  but  one  ob- 
jected to  it  on  the  ground  that,  though  it  did  give  immediate  relief, 
that  very  tendency  toward  astringency  which  caused  the  relief  was 
in  the  end  a  condition  distinctly  to  be  avoided.  In  fact,  he  claimed 
the  very  opposite  effect  should  be  brought  about,  and  advised  much 
rubbing,  or,  if  necessary,  lancing.  Except  as  a  last  resort  to  relieve 
the  pain,  lancing  was  objected  to  by  the  others  because  it  left  a 
scar,  and  scar-tissue  is  less  elastic.  A  third  physician  said  that 
as  the  gums  were  to  be  kept  very  soft,  they  should  not  be  rubbed 
or  have  tannic  acid  applied,  as  both  tended  to  harden  the  gums. 


SUMMARIES  161 

was  two  years  of  age.    All  were  straight  and  perfect. 

During  the  17  months  of  teething  there  were  ap- 
parently fonr  months  of  relief  from  teething  pains, 
the  eleventh,  eighteenth,  twentieth  and  twenty -iifth. 
There  were  seven  months  in  which  there  were  hut 
slight  disturbances,  fretting  or  crying,  or  possibly  a 
few  loose  feces;  these  were  the  ninth,  twelfth,  thir- 
teenth, fourteenth,  fifteenth,  nineteenth  and  twen- 
ty-first months.  In  four  months,  the  tenth,  sixteenth, 
seventeenth  and  twenty-third,  the  loose  feces  during 
periods  of  a  few  days  were  apparently  caused  by 
teething  ]3ains.  Twice,  during  the  seventeenth  and 
twenty-fourths  months,  the  loose  feces  continued 
one  and  three  weeks,  respectively,  and  the  gums 
obviously  pained.  During  these  periods  those  foods 
that  tended  to  make  the  feces  loose  were  avoided. 
Twice,  during  the  tenth  and  twenty-second  months, 
he  had  a  cold  at  the  same  time  that  his  teeth  were 
giving  trouble,  which  made  it  difficult  to  determine 
•  which  was  the  source  of  disturbance.  It  was  during 
that  seventeenth  month  that  he  cut  the  two  upper 
front  double  teeth,  and  during  the  twenty- fourth  that 
the  two  lower  canine  teeth  gave  trouble.  All  the 
other  teeth  erupted  with  little  difficulty. 

14.     Remarks. 

(A)  Vocabulary  of  motions  and  ivords.  Of  my 
baby's  mental  development  I  kept  no  systematic 
record,  but  merely  noted  those  phases  of  it  that  in- 
volved some  physical  manifestation,  like  reaching 
out  to  get  something,  or  stooping  down  to  pick  up 
something.  But  I  did  record  his  vocabulary,  not 
only  of  words,  but  of  the  gestures  that  preceded  or 
accompanied  the  spoken  word.  The  following  was 
his  '' vocabulary  of  motions,"  as  we  called  it,  and  his 


162 


HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY    WELL 


vocabulary  of  words.    Tlie  acquisitions  are  reported 
in  the  order  they  were  made : 

Age.   Our  loord  or  icorcls.His  motion  for  it.  His  word  or  sound 

for  it. 
from 


S  mo.      By-by, 

Where's 
gone  ? 


I  see. 


10  mo.      No,  no. 


Music. 


18  mo. 


Dance. 
Key. 

Yes,  yes. 

Toilet. 


19  mo.       Egg  beater 


Dumb  \A'aiter 


Tooth  brush 


Waves  hand 
wrist. 
babyHides,  by  cover- 
ing up  eyes  witli 
hands,  or,  if  in 
my  arms,  hiying 
his  head  on  my 
shoulder. 

Uncovers  his  eyes 
or  raises  his 
head. 

Shakes  his  head, 
left  to  right. 

Makes  his  arm  go 
round  in  long, 
slow  move- 
ments. (I  sing 
to  him,  moving 
my  arms  rhyth- 
mically at  the 
same  time,  so  he 
associates  the 
movement  of 
arms  with 
music. ) 

Turns  around. 

Twists  wrist,  as 
in  turning  key. 

Nods  head  up  and 
down. 

(I  say  to 
certain 
that  he 
"ask  to 
toilet 
ask.") 

Moves   arm   as 
turning   egg 
beater. 

Moves  arms  as  in 
pulling  up  the 
dumb  waiter. 

Rubs  teeth  with 
one  finger. 


him  atA,    a. 

times     ask. ) 
should 
go    to 
Ask, 

in 


(A    as    in 


lOh  mo. 


10  mo. 


SUMMARIES 

Bread.  Makes  arm  move- 

ment made  in 
cutting  bread. 

All  gone.  Puts      hands      to- 

gether and  then 
throws  them 
wide  apart. 


163 


Chase    me,    or' 

rakes  the  attitude 

I'll     give 

of     starting     to 

chase. 

run. 

Kiss, 

Makes  the  motion 

with  his  lips. 

Boat. 

Makes    the    noise 

of  the  whistle. 

Sing. 

Vocalizes. 

Margaret. 

"Ma." 

If     asked     to 

Vocalizes  on  "oo." 

call    anyone. 

Button  waist. 

Doubles     up     his 

hands   into   fists 

and  moves  them 

as   if   buttoning 

up  his  waist. 

Watch. 

Puts  hand  to  ear 

as    if    listening 

to  watch. 

II  0  w       do  e  sMakes  the  motion 

Daddy  brush 

of      the      brush 

his  shoes?        rubbing  over  the 
shoe. 
Birdie.  Makes    the    chirp- 

ing noise  of  the 
bird. 
201  mo.    Telephone.         Holds  hand  to  ear 

as  if  holding  the 
receiver  there. 
Talk.  "Athaleegathalee," 

or  to  that  effect. 
Mamma.  "Mamma."       (Re- 

peats only  after 
me. ) 
Daddy.  "Dada."    (Repeats 

only  after  me,) 
20i  mo.    Comb  hair.       Rubs    hand    over 

hair,  as  in  comb- 
ing hair. 
Hammer.  Makes  the  motion 

of  hammering. 
How  does  Mar-Rubs    hands   over 
garet     wash    face  as  she  does, 
her  face? 


Fig.  21.     His  motion   for  "Carry   me   down- 
stairs?"    (Age,   twenty-one  months.) 


164 


SUMMARIES 


165 


Horse. 


Makes  with  liis 
lips  the  sound 
a  horse  makes 
in  snortins. 


21  mo. 


Spread  bread. 
Sugar. 


liubs  one  first  fin- 
ger on  the  other. 

Holds  hand  up 
and  makes  the 
motion  of  shak- 
ing sugar  from 
a  spoon. 
Carry  me  down  Makes  two  fists, 
stairs.  an  intense  face, 

scrunches   down 
and  grunts   (see 
Fig.  21,  p.  104. 
Good  dinner.  Shrugs      up      his 

shoulders  a  n  d 
inclines  head 
one  side.  (This 
was  a  position 
I  had  uncon- 
sciously taken 
as  I  asked  him 
if  he  were  hav- 
ing a  good  din- 
ner.) (See  Fig. 
22,  p.  166. 
S  h  r  e  d  d  e  d  Moves   hands   and 


22  mo. 


22  mo. 


wheat. 


Craclver. 


fingers  as  if 
breaking  up 
shredded  wheat. 
Bites  teeth  to- 
gether. 


Kite. 
Squeaking 

Makes  the 

squeak 

door. 

ing  noise 
makes. 

'  a  dooi 

Steam. 

How   does  the 

"sss." 
"Coo,    coo. 

coo." 

rooster   go? 
Automobile. 
Good-night. 
All   right. 

"Honk,  honk." 
"Ni-ni." 
"Aw  i." 

Our 

word. 

His   word. 

Hammer 
Thank  you 
Daddy 
Blocks 
Cards 

"Na  na" 
"TJi  til" 
"DJl" 
"Ba" 
''Ka" 

Fig.  22.    His  way  of  saying  "Such  a 
good  dinner."     (Age,  twenty- 
one  months.) 


366 


23  mo. 


24  1110. 


SUMMARIES 

Baby 

"Baby" 

Barley 

"Ba" 

Oraiidma 

"Mil" 

Box 

"Ba" 

Butter 

"Bur" 

Open 

"O" 

Open  box 

"0  bil" 

Bottle 

"Ba" 

Zwiebacli 

"Bil" 

Dry  diaper 

"Di   di" 

Bread 

"Ba" 

Dinner 

"Ninee" 

Door 

"Do" 

Butter 

"Ta" 

Pin 

"Min" 

All  gone 

"Aw    aw" 

Trolley  car 

"Ca  ca" 

Mamma 

"Mama" 

Grandma 

"Mama" 

Leonard 

"Nana" 

Grandma  gone 

"Mama  aw 

aw 

By  by 

"By  by" 

Garter 

"Ga" 

Clock 

"Ca" 

Bath 

"Ba" 

Chocolate 

"Ka" 

Prunes 

"Mur" 

Milk 

"Ml" 

Bed 

"Be" 

George 

"Dor" 

MatclT 

"Ma" 

Coat 

"Co" 

167 


From  the  list,*  then,  it  seems  that  to  the  twenty- 
second  month  he  used  12  sounds  that  conveyed  mean- 


ings to  us. 


They  were : 


2. 

?.! 

4. 
5. 
0. 
7. 

8. 


"A,  a,"  to  ask  to  go  to  toilet. 

"Oo,"  pitched  like  the  whistle  on  boats. 

His  kind  of  singing. 

"Ma,"  Margaret. 

"Oo,  oo,  00,"  used  in  calling  a  person. 

The  eldrping  noise  of  a  bird. 

"Athaleegathaloo,"  when  asked  to  talk. 

"Mama"    (after  mo). 


*In  addiLi(Mi  1o  Ihcse,  ho  has  ti'ied  to  rejieat  many  words  after 
us,  such  as  molly- coddle,  "ca  ca,"  but  the  list,  unless  otherwise  in- 
dicated, includes  only  his  working  vocabulary. 


Fig.  23.    The  romper  suit,  buttoning  down  tlie  side.    Very  good  made  of 
crinkled  seersucker.     (Age,  nineteen  months.) 


168 


SUMMAKIES  169 

9.  "Dada"  (after  me). 

10.  The  suort  a  horse  makes. 

11.  "K"  for  kite. 

12.  The  squeaking  noise  a  door  makes. 

I  made  no  more  effort  to  teach  liim  these  sounds 
than  I  had  to  teach  him  to  walk.  In  both  1  merely 
encouraged  his  efforts  after  he  had  taken  the  ini- 
tiative. 

Of  course,  he  jabbered  a  great  deal,  but  those  12 
sounds  were  the  only  ones  that  crystallized  into 
meanings  that  we  understood  as  such  and  that  he 
used  in  conveying  ideas  to  us.  But  he  had  a  good 
working  vocabulary  of  the  28  motions  above  noted, 
and  it  was  chiefly  by  these  that  he  communicated 
with  us. 

After  he  was  22  months  old  he  added  new  words 
rapidly.  One  by  one  these  new  words  took  the  place 
of  or  accompanied  the  earlier  motions;  as,  ^'na  na/' 
liammey,  was  used  with  the  motion  of  hammering; 
'^hur/'  or  later  "ta/'  for  hatter,  was  used  with  the 
motion  of  spreading  bread,  etc.  He  used  54  words, 
as  well  as  28  motions,  in  the  twenty-fifth  month. 

But,  though  his  vocabulary  seems  limited,  that  has 
not  interfered  with  there  being  a  perfect  understand- 
ing between  us  on  most  occasions.  He  frequently 
asks  my  permission  to  do  a  certain  thing  b}^  looking 
at  me,  raising  the  eyeljrows  and  nodding  the  head 
(juite  as  adults  do.  He  has  done  many  a  little  errand 
for  me  aljout  the  house,  and  in  many  ways,  of  which 
I  have  kept  no  record,  he  has  shown  that  long  before 
he  could  use  them  he  understood  the  words  I  used. 

(B)  Clothing.  Baby  came  home  from  the  hos- 
])ital  dressed  in  tlie  number  and  kind  of  dresses  there 
adopted :   namely,  a  flannel  bandage,  a  flannel  shirt, 


Fig.   24.     Overalls  for   the  roof.     (Age,   nineteen 
months.) 


170 


SUMMARIES  171 

diapers,  a  flannel  petticoat  and  a  woven  cotton  slip. 
But  I  soon  began  to  question  the  use  of  the  bandage 
and  the  flannel  garments.  They  seemed  too  confin- 
ing and  too  irritating,  and  as  they  were  always  get- 
ting wet,  were  a  source  of  trouble  both  to  baby  and 
myself.  So  I  consulted  Professor  Fisher  of  Yale,  five 
doctors  and  three  maternity  hospitals,  and  read  what 
I  found  in  seven  books  that  gave  advice  concerning 
the  layette.  Without  going  into  the  details  of  this 
investigation,  at  the  close  of  it  I  became  suspicious 
that  the  bandage  and  the  use  of  flannel  were  but 
relics  of  customs  and  tradition.  At  any  rate,  I  felt 
justified  in  giving  cotton  a  trial  and  in  removing  the 
bandage.  So,  while  keeping  a  most  careful  watch 
upon  the  baby's  condition,  I  discarded,  one  by  one, 
the  bandage,  the  shirt,  the  skirt,  and  even  the  cotton 
muslin  dress.  All  these  were  replaced  by  a  single 
garment  that  I  had  found  in  the  course  of  my  inves- 
tigations— a  roomy,  comfortable,  long,  knitted,  cot- 
ton garment,  with  a  draw-string  at  the  bottom,  made 
by  the  Arnold  Knit  Goods  Company.  If  warm,  this, 
with  his  cotton  diaper,  constituted  his  indoor  dress ; 
if  cool,  a  cashmere  jacket  was  added,  or  a  thin  flannel 
shawl  was  thrown  over  his  shoulders.  When  he  went 
to  sleep  (either  out  of  doors  or  in  a  room  with  the 
windows  open),  since  he  always  got  his  hands  out 
from  under  the  covers,  he  wore  on  cold  days  a  woolen 
jacket,  opening  at  the  back  and  sewed  up  at  the 
sleeves,  that  covered  the  chest  and  hands  completely. 
A  woolen  blanket  or  two  kept  the  rest  of  the  body 
warm.  As  this  woolen  jacket  was  short,  and  therefore 
'^ above  the  water-line,"  if  I  may  so  speak,  there  was 
to  be  kept  dry  and  clean  only  one  garment  and  a 
diaper  instead  of  three  garments,  a  band  and  a  dia- 


Fig.  2o.  A  vory  cold  (Jay.  A  worsted  sweater,  leggins. 
and  coat,  mittens  and  cap  with  ear  laps,  all  needed 
to  keep  him  warm. 


172 


SUMMARIES  173 

per,  with  their  uncomfortable  l)indiiig  on  tlie  baby. 
Moreover,  this  newl^^-fonnd  knitted  garment  was 
more  easily  washed  than  the  woven  one,  required  no 
starching,  and  did  not  need  to  be  ironed. 

As  soon  as  this  long  dress  began  to  be  in  the  baby's 
way  (fifth  month),  it  was  replaced  by  a  short  one  of 
the  same  material,  made  without  the  draw-string 
(Fig.  13).  (See  p.  176,  Plate  I,  No.  9,  and  p.  178, 
Plate  II,  No.  3.)  When  cool,  the  little  cashmere 
jacket  was  worn  over  this,  too  (see  p.  65,  Fig.  8). 

"When  he  left  off  diapers  at  two  years,  tliey  were 
replaced  by  knitted  cotton  drawers,  fastened  by  but- 
tons to  a  knitted  cotton  waist,  to  which  also  were 
fastened  the  garters. 

A  bib  (Fig.  5)  was  necessary  during  drooling  days. 

Later,  rompers  of  plain  chirk  green  or  blue  ging- 
ham (p.  168,  Fig.  23)  or  of  crinkled  seersucker  were 
worn  over  this  garment,  making  a  petticoat  of  the 
knitted  dress,  and  when  he  went  to  the  roof,  overalls 
were  worn  over  these  (p.  170,  Fig.  24) .  On  cold  days, 
for  out-of-doors,  a  white  knitted  worsted  suit  (p.  71, 
Fig.  9)  was  put  over  the  rompers.  The  only  changes 
made  during  the  next  winter  were  the  addition  of  a 
medium  weight  cotton  shirt  during  the  very  cold 
weather  and  a  coat  (p.  172,  Fig.  25).  A  new  sweater 
and  brown  leggins  (p.  174,  Fig.  26)  replaced  the  out- 
grown white  ones. 

As  long  as  the  baby  remained  within  a  limited 
radius,  on  a  rug  or  a  blanket  on  the  floor,  no  shoes 
or  even  stockings  were  put  on  his  feet.  But  as  he  be- 
gan to  walk  about,  very  soft  sandals  were  used  (ninth 
month  (see  p.  178,  Plate  II,  No.  4).  Later,  at  a  year 
and  a  half,  ''Educator'^  sandals  (p.  168,  Fig.  23),\and 


Fig.   26.     The    "Brownie"   suit  for   the  second   winter, 
out-of-doors. 


174 


SUMMARIES  175 

still  later  ''Educator"  shoes  (p.  164,  Fig.  21),  were 
worn. 

As  for  stockings,  woolen  ones  were  worn  the  first 
winter  (though  I  now  believe  that  cotton  ones  would 
have  heen  better).  Short  cotton  socks,  or  frequently 
none  at  all,  were  worn  through  the  summer,  and  long 
cotton  ones  during  the  second  winter. 

A  warm  hood,  covering  the  ears  (p.  164,  Fig.  21), 
was  worn  during  the  first  winter  and  on  the  coldest 
days  of  the  second  winter.  A  Scotch  cap  with  ear 
tabs  (p.  174,  Fig.  26)  was  generally  worn  during  the 
warmer  days  of  the  second  winter.  AYlien  he  wore 
any  hat  at  all  during  the  summer,  it  was  a  rimmed 
linen  hat. 

Mittens  were  found  necessary  during  the  winter 
months  (Fig.  25,  p.  172). 

The  principles  Avhich  guided  me  in  dressing  the 
boy  were  the  following: 

1.  His  health.  His  dress  must  conserve  energy 
and  must  heli^,  not  hinder,  the  processes  making  for 
healthy,  full  and  free  development.  That  all  cloth- 
ing should  be  clean  follows  as  an  obvious  corollary. 

2.  His  comfort.  The  garments  must  not  scratch, 
irritate,  bind  any  part  of  the  flesh  or  any  muscle,  nor 
interfere  in  any  way  with  the  performance  of  the 
child's  physical  activities. 

3.  My  convenience.  The  dressing  of  the  boy  and 
caring  for  his  wardrobe  had  to  be  studied  also  from 
tlie  point  of  view  of  reducing  to  its  lowest  terms  the 
drudgery  involved  therein  for  the  mother.  A  little 
studying  of  the  problem  rescued  from  the  tub  and 
needle  liours  in  which  I  was  free  to  ])e  my  child's 
companion  instead  of  his  slave,  and  which  at  the 
same  time  in  no  way  risked  his  health  or  comfort. 


l^frtqueaT  eierase  since 


'Ride  a  cock  hone' 


•iiton  htlet  s>/n(e   sfz   weel\i> 


At  home  up-sicie-down 


During  4tJ}  Ho  reacht4  tut 
iar/f!/nas./loej4/«'no  Jell  o& 


from  Smcctaff,  iatvp  alone 


6amini^  first-^ond  Knowlfef^t  of  the 
hammer  Aejt,  6^mo,/l^.  Z6.'0d. 


ii/s  fir^T  portrait 

Aae/fpf  mrj,     Jo     O,   '06 


A  sense  dt  the  r'dizuloui,  comt 
eorlsj.     A<)e,6mo.,  ficj.&,  '08. 


ttoi  loutjhed  aloud  to  us  since  tfie  litti  i»/f, 
A(jf,  4^  mo.,  Jf.  i8,  '08. 


HiS  first  carrfaoe  rte/e. 
Age£/^nm,Jv.  J3,  '08 


nu<h  '^f'/e^red  in  thot  comer.,.      Qoth  hands  and  ftef  qrab  the  trapezf.       t^tepina  coo/  or,'i  /men  Stre/thrr. 
'i'j^M'^o.,    JI.J.  16 ,  0&.  A<^i^iyimc.,bpi5,m.      ^  \e6/Zm,>.,YB,'0&. 

Actii/ities  up  to  standtntj  da^js,,6'/i: months. 


PLATE    I. 

176 


SUMMARIES  177 

4.  A  sense  of  beauty.  Tlie  ])aby's  sense  of  ])eauty 
is  not  a  factor  to  be  reckoned  with  during  at  least 
these  hrst  two  3^ears,  so  X)sychologists  tell  ns.  There- 
fore, dainty,  beautifully  eml3roidered  and  hem- 
stitched garments,  though  they  may  gratify  a  moth- 
er's sense  of  beauty,  will  not  be  appreciated  by  the 
baby.  What  is  appropriate  in  dress  for  the  age  and 
activities  of  the  child  is  more  beautiful,  because  more 
fitting,  than  what  is  inappropriate,  however  beauti- 
ful the  mother  may  feel  it  to  be. 

(C)  Exercise.  Whenever  possible,  either  in- 
doors at  any  time,  or  in  a  warm  room  in  winter,  or 
even  out-of-doors  in  the  summer,  I  have  treated  the 
lad  to  the  luxury  of  running  about  in  his  bare  skin. 
Then  I  rub  his  flesh  well  all  over,  and  let  him  swing 
as  he  holds  to  my  fingers  or  a  trapeze.  I  hold  him  by 
his  feet  upside  down,  swing  him  back  and  forth,  and 
in  various  ways  exercise  his  whole  body. 

(D)  Sucking  the  thumb.  At  two  years  this  habit 
was  not  yet  broken.  This  is  the  Nemesis  following 
my  failure  to  check  an  undesirable  habit  at  the  out- 
set. It  stole  many  hours  from  his  sleep  and  from  my 
time.  I  tried  bitter  quinine  on  the  thumb,  slapping 
the  hand,  pinching  the  linger,  talking  to  him,  holding 
his  hand  while  he  went  to  sleep,  binding  up  his  arm 
and  hand,  putting  his  hand  in  a  round  pasteboard 
roll,  wrapping  his  thumbs  with  adhesive  plaster,  and 
so  on,  but  he  soon  got  over  all  the  hurts  inflicted  and 
the  bad  taste  in  the  mouth,  and  became  most  efficient 
in  freeing  his  thumb  from  bondage.  The  habit  has 
left  no  traces  in  the  shape  of  the  mouth  or  thumb,  as 
the  thumb  was  not  in  the  mouth  for  a  very  long  time 
(never  when  awake,  and  only  for  a  few  minutes  as 
he  dropped  off  to  sleep). 


The  pen  offered  tjood plocei^  fo  hoMto. 
M^e  3'/z  mo.,  no.  2/,  '08. 


The  second  try  at  ^andintj. 
Aae  b'/l  mo.,  A<3.  /6,  'Ob. 


tlorf  difficult  tb  fienf  A) 
a  rope  than  o  sTicn. 
Af€,8^/})o,  0criS,'o8. 


itt/ufy/ha/zmit/fuiWia^iai/        Held  ijiS  OW/7   weicht 
htnadieifhtfloorwitlidifolhfr.      since  -^th  month, 
ttjellfi.  ma,  Ja.  li,  '0$.  it^e,  S'/zmc,  fiov.  n,  be. 


4  fli<jht  in  the  swinf. 
/?^f,  //^  n,o.,  Ja.  Z/,  '09. 


At  home  upon  fiJ&  -feet 
A^eJmo,  5p.^f/0S- 


in  his  be  by  Tender^  fit  pfap 
a  livd^  qome  of  hide-emt- 
iteH  about  the  roof, 
y^  mo.,Qc.m.'0 


Up  end  down  in  muthtri  hendi. 
Ane,  eflma,  Oct/^'oe. 


Adi'vifies  betyecn  6fz  months  am/  /  Yet?n 


PLATE   II. 
178 


SUMMARIES  179 

But  his  babyhood  days  have  been  so  nearly  ideal 
that  some  of  his  friends  welcome  this  little  imperfec- 
tion as  proof  that  he  is,  after  all,  quite  human. 

(E)  Heritage.  Leonard's  parents  were  both  of 
long-lived  families,  were  in  sound  health  and  inher- 
ited no  diseases.  When  Leonard  was  born  his  father 
was  a  college  professor,  45  years  old.  His  mother 
was  a  college  woman,  who  before  her  marriage  had 
been  a  teacher.  She  was  35  years  of  age  at  the  time 
of  his  birth. 

(F)  Circumcision.  Though  there  was  no  binding 
apparent,  for  purely  hygienic  reasons  Leonard  was 
circumcised.  The  operation  was  performed  at  the 
hospital,  and  the  wound  was  healed  before  we  left 
there  on  the  fourteenth  day. 


/fos  ft<( hi'mstff  iince  /9fh  month. 
iqe,Zimc.,Jcn.lit    'JO. 


hemmerin^  noils  o  '&veri'^  occupation,  iince        ""^"T 
IS,  mo.      A^f^  ii'/zma,  J)ec.  J6.  OS.  1. 


Rtpchina  ovT  /o  c/imb  up  motJiu 
Aae./3%rr,o,'7r:  ZsfoS. 


Wol/fin<j  on  hands,  /s  jolly  fun.        The  %and pik  moM<i%  of     hoi  dlmbee/  e  ladder     Ltorninon,  run  a  wheel  borrow. 
Acjit.lOmo.^Octi.'OB.  tht  ptn.a  dtiirtd  rftreat.    unossislidsmce  I9fhma     4fe,Z2mo.,J>e.  S/09. 

/lo£,l6  mo.,  Junt  8,  '09.      Aot,  J 9 mo.,  Sp.S,  '09. 

Activititt    befween   /yr.    onel    Z    yrs. 


PLATE    III. 
180 


Chaptee  IV. 
A  FINAL  WORD. 

The  conclusion  of  the  whole  matter  is  simply  this : 
a  worry  in  time  saves  nine,  and  a  doctor's  hill. 

Some,  no  doubt,  will  maintain  that  this  habit  of 
paying  attention  to  trifles  is  not  only  unwarranted 
on  the  baby's  account,  but  that  also  it  would  breed  a 
worrying,  nervous  attitude  of  mind  in  the  mother. 
Time  enough  to  bother,  they  will  argue,  when  a  rous- 
ing good  case  of  colic  keeps  the  family  up  all  night, 
when  the  baby  has  a  temperature  that  amounts  to 
something  and  stays  there  for  a  couple  of  days,  when 
the  flesh  is  sore  and  unsightly,  when  the  excreta  have 
been  green,  slimy  and  unchecked  for  days,  or  when 
the  baby  is  so  cross  that  everybody  feels  like  shaking 
him  and  throwing  him  down  in  disgust  because  the 
shaking  does  not  shake  out  his  ill  temper.  It  is  time 
enough  then  to  worry,  they  say,  and  if  things  get  too 
bad  one  can  always  send  for  the  doctor.  The  doctor 
})rought  the  other  children,  that  is,  most  of  them, 
through  their  attacks,  and  they  2)ropose  to  leave  the 
worrying  to  Mm.  Doubtless  were  there  not  actually 
many  such  mothers  and  fathers,  not  a  few  doctors 
would  have  to  take  down  their  shingles. 

isi 


182  HOW    I    KEPT    MY   BABY    WELL 

Nay,  more,  I  have  even  heard  it  argued  that  it  was 
all  right  for  babies  to  have  occasional  upsets,  for  in 
that  way  the  system  got  practice  in  righting  itself. 
Do  these  parents  have  nauseating  dinners  period- 
ically prepared  for  themselves  and  conscientiously 
bring  about  a  good  attack  of  indigestion  just  to  keep 
their  systems  in  shape  for  getting  over  such  attacks ! 
Surely,  indigestion  is  common  enough  among  adults, 
but  I  cannot  believe  it  is  practiced  with  any  such 
^'malice  aforethought.'^  And  when  one-fifth  of  the 
babies  die  yearly  from  wholly  preventable  intestinal 
troubles,  one  is  inclined  to  question  the  practices 
that  are  res]3onsible  for  infant  mortality,  particu- 
larly when  nature  has  seen  to  it  that  ninety-nine  of 
every  hundred  babies  begin  life  practically  well  and 
healthy,  regardless  of  what  has  been  their  parents' 
previous  condition  of  health. 

No,  I  found  it  was  worth  while  to  try  to  keep  the 
hahy  ivell,  though  it  meant  constant  watch  for  seem- 
ingly trivial  indications  of  indigestion,  constant  en- 
deavor to  prevent  their  continuance  or  recurrence, 
and  what  some  may  regard  as  unnecessary  fuss  and 
bother  with  timeing,  weighing,  measuring  and  rec- 
ord taking.  But  it  paid,  for  it  has  spared  me  abso- 
lutely from  those  prolonged  sieges  of  anxious  worry- 
ing when  a  little  life  seems  to  be  ebbing  away  and  one 
waits  and  waits  through  the  long,  dark  night  for  the 
tide  to  turn.  I  have  known  nothing  of  this  kind  of 
anxiety.  On  the  contrary,  my  kind  of  worrying — if 
it  may  be  called  that — has  played  its  part  in  giving 
me  a  sweet-tempered,  rollicking,  hearty  little  lad  as 
my  constant  companion  for  these  two  years,  and  will, 
I  hope,  give  to  the  world  later,  a  calm,  thoughtful, 
amiable,  dignified  spirit. 


A    FINAL    WORD  183 

From  my  point  of  view,  I  cannot,  but  from  theirs 
I  can,  mi cler stand  wliy  my  friends  commiserated  me 
before  my  baby  was  born.  One  after  another  tried 
to  comfort  me,^  as  Job's  comforters  always  do,  with: 
^'Noy\^  yon  are  in  for  it!"  ''Yonr  time  has  come  at 
last!"  '*If  yon  can  only  pnll  through  the  first  two 
years,  then  he  will  begin  to  be  cunning,"  and  so  on, 
as  if  some  awful  Nemesis  were  about  to  fall  upon  me 
and  I  were  doomed  to  torment  for  a  period.  But 
these  two  years  with  my  baby  have  been  the  happiest 
of  my  life.  The  problem  of  raising  a  baby  has  not 
only  been  intellectually  stimulating — I  know,  for  in- 
stance, I  got  more  out  of  it  than  I  ever  got  out  of  an 
equal  amount  of  time  spent  on  geometry,  though  I 
reveled  in  geometry,  too — but  emotionally  as  w^ell.  I 
find  that  I  have  never  been  more  on  the  qui  vive  than 
during  these  two  3^ears.  To  behold  a  little  blind, 
deaf,  speecliless,  red,  uncontrolled  mortal  gradually 
see,  hear,  gain  muscular  control,  grow  shapely  and 
comely,  experiment  and  investigate,  talk,  laugh  and 
love — in  a  word,  to  attain  all  the  traits  of  a  human 
being — has  been  an  exquisite  pleasure,  full  of  sur- 
prises, full  of  affection,  full  of  the  joy  that  accom- 
l^anies  achievement,  full  of  all  that  is  implied  in  the 
time-honored  expression,  ''mother  love."  Long  ago 
Cornelia  knew  where  to  point  to  her  jewels,  and  I, 
too,  find  her  kind  mine. 

AlthougJi,  as  I  said  at  the  beginning,  no  general 
conclusions  as  to  tlie  care  and  treatment  of  other 
babies  can  l)e  inade  from  this  one  case,  yet  if  a  num- 
ber of  such  records,  say  50  or  75,  could  be  kept  and 
studied,  and  if,  along  with  these,  there  could  be  con- 
ducted some  intensive  laboratory  work  l)earing  di- 
rectly on  the  problem  in  hand,  I  believe  that  a  still 


184  .    HOW    I    KEPT    MY    BABY    WELL 

better  book  than  has  yet  been  written,  excellent  as 
the  available  ones  are,  could  be  pnt  into  the  hands  of 
intelligent  mothers.  Such  investigations  would 
surely  add  to  our  knowledge  of  the  variability  of 
individual  children  and  furnish  as  well  maxims  and 
principles  of  great  practical  value  for  all  mothers. 

It  is  with  the  hope  that  this  record  of  the  first  two 
years  of  Leonard's  life  may  act  as  a  point  of  de- 
parture, if  not  an  example,  in  the  study  of  these  first 
two  years  of  life  that  his  mother  has  gladly  kex3t  it 
and  now  gives  it  to  the  world. 


INDEX 


Abbreviations  used,  15. 
Abdomen, 

See  under  Measurements. 
Accuracy  of  data,  18. 
Achievements, 

See  Phj'sical  achievements. 
Age,  how  recorded,  15. 
On  record  sheet,  17. 
13th  day  to  17th  day,  23,  24  ;  7  wks 
3  da.  to  8  wks.  3  da.,  25-29  ;  2  mo. 
30-33  ;  3  mo.,  32,  33  ;  4  mo.,  31,  33 
34,  35  ;  5  mo.,  36-43  ;  6  mo.,  43-49 
7   mo.,  49-51 ;  8  mo.,  51-59  ;  9  mo. 
59-69  ;   10   mo.,   68,   69  ;   11   mo.,    69 
70 ;  12  mo.,   72-75  ;  13  mo.,   74,  75 
14    mo.,    75,    76  ;    15    mo.,    75,    77 
IG    mo.,    78,    79  ;    17    mo.,    79,    80 
18    mo.,    79,    82  ;    19    mo.,    80,    88 
20  mo.,  86,  90,  93  ;  21  mo.,  93,  95 
22  mo.,  95,  96  ;  23  mo.,  95,  98,  107 
24  mo.,  107,  109,  113. 
Air,  fresh,  9,  12. 
Alboline, 
See  Medicines. 
See  under  Skin. 
Antimony  and  ipecac, 
See  Medicines. 
See  Cold. 
Appetite,  evidence  of  health,  8. 
Apple  sauce. 

See  under  Diet. 
Arnold  knit  goods,  171,  173. 
Averages,  dangers  of,  7. 

Baby  culture,  7,  13,  14,  135,  183. 
Baby-tender,  57. 
Bandage,  belly. 

See  Clothing. 
Barley, 

See  under  Diet. 
Baths, 

Alcohol  and  cold  water,  103. 

Mustard,  61,  67.  136. 

Salt,  42.    See  Skin. 

Temperature,  142. 

Warm,  40,  100,  149. 
Beef  and  barley  soup. 

See  under  Diet. 
Beef  juice. 

See  undf-r  Diet. 
Beef,  raw,  effects  of,  72  (XIII). 
Behavior, 

Accuracy  of  records  kept,  18. 

Health  in  danger,  8,  181. 

How  r('Cord«!d,  15. 

In  licHltli,  8. 


On  record  sheet,  17. 

Record,  26,  27,  29,  30  (III),  32  (IV), 
34  (V),  42,  40  (VI),  48,  44  (VII), 
50  (VIII),  52  (IX),  67,  60  (X), 
68  (XI),  70  (XII),  72  (XIII), 
74  (XIV),  76  (XV),  77  (XVI).  78 
(XVII),  80  (XVIII),  80  (XVIII), 
82  (XIX),  88  (XX),  92,  93,  90 
(XXI),  94  (XXII),  96  (XXIII), 
98    (XXIV),  109    (XXV). 

Summary,  149,  150,  116   (XXVI  9). 

Teething,  influence   on,   G2,  95,  107, 
160. 
Benzoin  (tincture  of). 

See  Medicines. 

See  under  Cold. 
Boracic  acid. 

See  Medicines. 

See  Eye. 

See  Skin. 
Bottle,  learning  to  suck  from,  54,  55. 
Bread, 

Dried. 

Toasted. 

Uncooked, 

Zwiebach. 

See  under  Diet. 
Breast  meals, 

See  under  Diet. 

Caldwell,  Dr.  William  E., 

Consulted,  56,  61. 

Official  position,  19,  23. 
Care   and  Feeding  of   Children,   Dr. 

Holt  used  as  a  reference  book. 
See  Dr.  Holt. 
Camphorated  oil. 

See  Medicines. 

See  Cold. 
Castor  oil. 

See  Medicines. 

See  Cold, 

See  Fever. 

See  Feces. 
Celery, 

See  under  Diet. 
Cereals, 

'See  under  Diet. 
Chamber,  the  use  of,  1-41,  142. 
Charts,  11,  18,  21. 

I.  1st  month,  22. 

II.  2d  month,  26. 

III.  3d  month,  30. 

IV.  4th  month,  32. 

V.  5th  month,  34. 

VI.  6tli  month,  40. 


185 


186 


HOW  I  KEPT   MY  BABY  WELL. 


VII.  7th  month,  44. 

VIII.  8th  month.  50. 

IX.  9th  month,  52. 

IX   (continued).    Formulas,  58. 

X.  10th  month,  60. 

XI.  11th  month,  68. 

XII.  12th  month,  70. 

XIII.  13th  month,  72. 

XIV.  14th  month,  74. 

XV.  15th  month,  76. 

XVI.  16th  month,  77. 

XVII.  17th  month,  78. 

XVIII.  18th  month,  80. 

XIX.  19th  month,  82. 

XX.  20th  month,  88. 
XXT.    21st  month,  90. 

XXII.  22d  month,  94. 

XXIII.  23d  month,  96. 

XXIV.  24th  month,  98. 

XXV.  25th  month,  110. 

ZXXVI.    Summaries  tabulated,  116. 
XXVII.    Diet,  122. 
SXVIII.    Feces,  disturbances,  rem- 
edies, ]32. 

XXIX.  Feces,  character,  133. 

XXX.  Skin.  134a. 

XXXI.  Cold,  136. 

XXXII.  Weight,  144. 

XXXIII.  Length  of  bodj'  and  foot, 
146. 

XXXIV.  Head  measurements,  148. 

XXXV.  Neck  measurements,  150. 

XXXVI.  Girths,    head,    9th    rib, 
hips,  chest,  waist,  154. 

XXXVIT.    Diet,  122. 

XXXVIII.    The  teeth,  159. 
Cheeks, 

In  health,  8,  10,  55,  56. 

In  illness,  8,  42. 
Chest. 

See  under  Measurements. 
Chittenden,  Prof.,  consulted,  14. 
Chocolate,  sweet. 

See  under  Diet. 
Circumcision.  179. 
Clothing,  9,  12,  169-177. 

Arnold  knit  goods,  171,  173. 

Bandage,  169,  171. 

Dress,  171. 

Diapers,  173. 

Drawers,  173. 

Fisher  (Prof.)   of  Yale,  consulted, 
177. 

Hat,  175. 

Hood,  175. 

Jacket,  cashmere,  171. 
Woolen,  171. 

Layette,  169,  171. 

Leggins,  173. 

Petticoat  (skirt),  171. 

Principles  underlying  dressing,  175, 
177. 

Rompers,  173. 

Sandals,  educator,  173. 

Shirt,  171. 

Slip,  171. 


Stockings.  175. 
Sweater,  173. 
Cold  cream, 
See  Medicines. 
See  Skin. 
Colds, 
Absent  in  health,  8. 
Appearance,    23,    59,    61,    62,    67,    60 
(X),    70    (XII).   75,  76    (XV),    86, 
88    (XX),    93,    94    (XXII),    95,    96 
(XXIII),  105,  106,  98   (XXIV). 
Frequency,  147-149,  136  (XXXI). 
How  recorded,  15. 
Late  symptom  of  indigestion,  10. 
On  record  sheet.  17. 
Problem  of,  21,  67. 
Treatment,  136   (XXXI). 
Baths, 
Mustard,  61,  67,  136. 
Warm,  149. 
Benzoine   (fumes),  62.  149. 
Castor  oil,  61,  62,  67,  106,  149. 
Camphorated  oil,  67,  106,  136. 
Diet,  61,  86,  93.  94,  149,  136. 
Gray  powder  tablets,  106,  149,  136. 
Menthol   and   aboline,   61,    62,    67, 

86,  106,  149. 
Mucol,  61,  86,  106,  136,  143,  149. 
Mustard  plaster,  106,  149,  136. 
Tablets,     antimony    and    ipecac, 
106,  149. 
Common-sense  way,  11. 
Colic,  181. 
Composition  of  food. 

See  under  Diet. 
Conclusions,  21,  183,  181. 
Condition  of  skin. 

See  Skin. 
"Conditions     present    are    the    best 

guide,"  Dr.  Holt,  12,  27. 
Constipation,  15,  64,  95,  182. 
Cornstarch, 
See  Medicines. 
See  Skin. 
Crackers,  Educator,  Huntley,  Palm- 
er, Biscuit, 
See  under  Diet. 
Cream, 

See  Milk,  under  Diet. 
Crust, 

See  Bread,  under  Diet. 
Crying, 
Accuracy  of  record,  19. 
Causes,  151,  152,  160,  161. 
Frequency,  152,  116   (XXVI  9). 
How  recorded,  17. 
Record,    29,    26     (II).    30    (III),    32 
(IV),   34    (V),   42.   40    (VI).   48.   44 
(VII),  49,  50  (VIII),  51,  52   (IX), 
54,    56,    59,    60     (X),    68     (XI),    70 
(XII),    72    (XIII),    74    (XIV),    76 
(XV),   77    (XVI).   78    (XVII),   80 
(XVIII),    82     (XIX),     88     (XX), 
93,     90      (XXI),     94      (XXII),     96 
(XXIII),     98     (XXIV),     106,    109 
(XXV). 


IXDEX. 


187 


Suiiiniary,  151,  152,  116   (XXVI  9). 
Data,  accuracj'  of,  18. 
Dewey,  John,  dedication. 
Diapers, 

See  Clotliing. 
Diet, 
Accurately  measured,  10. 
Average,  poor  guide,  7. 
Composition,  120-130,  122    (XXVII). 
Apple    Sauce,    88,    90     (XXI),    94 
(XXII),  96  (XXIII>,  summary, 
122   (XXVII). 
Beef,      chopped,      88      (XX),      98 
(XXIV),  109  (XXV),  summary, 
122    (XXVII). 
Beef  and  barley  soup,  98  (XXIV), 

summary,  122   (XXVII),  127. 
Beef  juice,  82  (XIX),  127. 
Bread,  dried,  72  (XIII),  77  (XVI), 
98        {XXIV ),       122        (XXVII, 
summary). 
Bread,    end    crust,   77    (XVI),   78 
(XVII),  80  (XVIII),  90  (XXI), 
94      (XXII),     96      (XXIII),     98 
(XXIV),    109     (XXV),    123,    122 
(XXVII,  summary). 
Bread,   toasted,   96    (XXIII),  123, 

122  (XXVII,  summary). 
Bread,  uncooked,  88  (XX),  128,140. 
Bread,  zwiebach,  74,  76   (XV),  80 
(XVIII),    82    (XIX),    88    (XX), 
90       (XXI),      94       (XXII),      96 
(XXIII),       98        (XXIV),       109 
(XXV),  123,  122    (XXVII,   sum- 
mary), 140,  141. 
Celery,  96  (XXIII),  128. 
Cereals. 
Barley,  effect  of,  63,  139,  140, 141. 
Barley  in  diet,  53,  56,  60,  61,  62, 
63,    64,    68    (XI),   70    (XII),   72 
(XIII),    74    (XIV),   76    (XV), 
77      (XVI),      78      (XVII).      80 
(XVIII),  82    (XIX),  88  (XX), 
90      (XXI),     94      (XVII),      96 
(XXIII),    98    (XXIV),    Sum- 
mary 122    (XXVII)    and  123. 
Farina,  75,  77  (XVI),  78  (XVII), 
80      (XVIII),     82     (XIX),     88 
(XX),   90   (XXI),  94    (XXII), 
96       (XXIII),      98       (XXIV), 
Summary    122    (XXVII)     and 
123,  HO,  141. 
Hominy,     79,     80     (XVIII),     82 
^\IX),    88    (XX),    90    (XXI), 
98  (XXIV),  109   (XXV),  Sum- 
mary 122   (XXVII)    and  126. 
Oatmeal,    effect    of,    64,    75,    76 

(XV),  139,  140,  141. 
Oatmeal  on  trial,  60  (X),  63-64, 
70  (XII),  74  (XIV),  76  (XV), 
77  (XVI),  78  (XVII). 
Oatmeal  used  in  diet,  79,  80 
(XVni),  04  (XXII),  96 
(XXIII ».  Wj  (XXV),  Sum- 
mary 122  (XXVII)  and  125, 
127. 


Rice,  79,  80  (XVIII),  82  (XIX), 
88  (XX),  90  (XXI),  96 
(XXIII),  98  (XXIV),  109 
(XXV),  Summary  122 

(XXVII)   and  126. 

Triscuit,  80  (XVIII),  Summary 
122   (XXVII)  and  126. 

Wheat,  cream  of,  76  (XV),  77 
(XVI),  88  (XX),  90  (XXI), 
94  (XXII),  98  (XXIV),  Sum- 
mary   122    (XXVII)    and    126, 

Wlieat  flour,  prepared,  60  (X), 
64,  75,  76  (XV),  Summary  122 
(XXVII)    and  125. 

Wheat,  shredded,  94  (XXII), 
96  (XXIII),  109  (XXV),  Sum- 
mary 122  (XXVII)  and  126, 
140,  141. 

Wheatena,  76  (XV),  76  (XVII), 
79,  80  (XVIII),  82  (XIX),  88 
(XX),  90  (XXI),  94  (XXII), 
96  (XXIII),  98  (XXIV), 
109  (XXV),  Summary  122 
(XXVII)   and  126,  140,  141. 

Chocolate,    sweet,    108    (XXV), 

Summary  122  (XXVII)   and  127. 
Crackers,     educator,     74     (XIV), 

76   (XV),  77   (XVI),  78   (XVII), 

94      (XXII),     96      (XXlIl).     98 

(XXIV),  Summary  122  (XXVII) 

and  123. 
Crackers,    Huntley    Palmer    Bis- 
cuit,  78    (XVII).    Summary   122 

(XXVII)  and  123. 
Egg,     88      (XX),     90      (XXI),     94 

(XXII),  96  (XXIII). 98  (XXIV). 

Summary     122     (XXVII)     and 

127,   128. 
Egg  custard.  88  (XX),  90  (XXI), 

109       (XXV),       Summary      122 
(XXVII)   and  126. 
Grape    juice,    94     (XXII),    Sum- 
mary 127. 
Grapes,      white,      88      (XX),      94 

(XXII),  Summary  128. 
Jelly,   90   (XXI),   96    (XXIII),   98 

(XXIV),  109  (XXV),  Summary 

322  (XXVII)   and  127. 
Dime  water,  52   (IX),  60   (X),  68 

(XI),   70    (XII),   72    (XIII).    74 

(XIV),    76    (XV),    98    (XXIV), 

Summary  122  (XXVII)   and  122. 
Liquids, 

Orange  juice,  how  recorded,  15, 
62,  60  (X),  66,  68  (XI),  70 
(XII),  72(XIII),  74(XIV»,  76 
(XV),  77  (XVI),  78  (XVil), 
80  (XVIII),  82  (XIX),  88 
(XX),  90  (XXI)  and  92,  94 
(XXII),  96  (XXIII),  98 
(XXIV)  and  102.  109  (XXV), 
Summary  122  (XXVII)  and 
128. 

I'rune  juice,  how  recorded,  15, 
78      (XVII),      82      (XIX),      88 


188 


HOW  1   KEPT   MY  BABY  WELL. 


(XX),  109   (XXV).   Summary 

122  (XXVII)  and  129. 
Water, 

Pure,  9. 

Rocorrl.  34  (V).  43.  40  (VI). 
38.  44  (VIT^.  50  (VIII),  52 
(IX),  fiO  (X)  and  60.  68 
(XI).  70  (XIT),  72  (XIII). 
74  (XIV).  76  (XV),  77 
(XVI).  78  (XVIIK  80 
(XVIII).  82  (XIX^.  88 
(XX).  90  (XXI).  92,  94 
(XXTI),  96  (XXTII).  98 
(XXIV).  102.  109  (XXV)  and 
111.  Summary  122  (XVII) 
and  129. 

Warm,  importance  of.  43. 
Milk. 
Certified.    52    (IX).    53.    60    (X). 

68   (XI).  70   (XII).  72   (XIIT). 

74  (XIV).    Summary  121.   123. 
122  (XXVII). 

Change  from  l(y/r  to  1%  to  Wr. 

75  (XIII)     and    72.    and    122 
(XXVII). 

Condensed,      96      (XXTII).      98 

(XXIV).  123. 
Cream.    108    (XXV).    Summary 

122   (XXVII)   and  123. 
Pasteurized.      74       (XIV).      76 

(XV).   77    (XVI),  78    (XVII). 

80     (XVIII).     82     (XIX).     88 

(XX).  90    (XXI).  94    (XXII). 

96       (XXIII),      98       (XXIV). 

109      (XXV).      Summary     122 

(XXVII)  and  121  and  123,  140. 
Sterilized,  96   (XXTII).  140. 
Summary,     121,    122     (XXVII). 

193 
Maearoni.  94  (XXII).  96  (XXTII). 

122   (XXVTI.  Summary). 
Maearoni    cooked    with    beef.    98 
(XXIV),  109  (XXV).  Summary 
127. 
Meat.    98     (XXIV).    109     (XXV). 
Summary  122  (XXVTI)  and  127. 
MHk.  breast. 
Accuracy  of  time,  18. 
Diet  to  stimulate  flow.  36.  54. 
Disturbed,  139. 
Food  that  may  haye  disturbed, 

33.  54.  Summary  139. 

How  recorded.  15. 
Summary.  120. 
Supply  meajrer.  ?fi.  40,  54. 
Time  at  breast.  120. 
Time  nursing:  begins,  17. 
Time    nursing    compared    with 

Holt.  24. 
Variations    among    women,    in 

flow  of.  24. 
Record.  1st  mo..  22    (I),  23,  24: 

2d    mo.,    25.    26     (II),    27,    28: 

3d    mo.,    30    (ITT)  :    4th    mo.. 

32   (IV),  33:  5th  mo..  34  (V)  : 

6th  mo.,  38,  40   (VI)  ;  7th  mo., 


44     (VII),     46;     8th     mo..     50 
(VITI),  51:  9th  mo.,  52   (IX). 
54.    55.    57  :    10th     mo.,    59.     60 
(X),  62.  63.  64,  66. 
Resting  while  nursing.  17,  18. 
Mutton    broth,    94    (XXII),    127, 

129. 
Potato,    sweet.    94     (XXII),    127. 
Prunes,    88    (XX),  94    (XXII),  96 
(XXIII).       98       (XXIV).       109 
(XXV),   Summary  122  (XXVTI) 
and  172. 
Pudding, 
Apnle  tapioca.  94   (XXIT)    and 

127. 
Bread,    94     (XXTI),    Summary 

122   (XXVTI)   and  127. 
Rice,    90     (XXI,    Summary    122 

(XXVTI)   and  127. 
Tapioca,    90    (XXI),    Summary 
122  (XXVTI)  and  126. 
Rice     cooked     with     chicken.     98 
(XXTV) ,  Summary  122  (XXVTI) 
and  127. 
Peaches,   preseryed.   96    (XXIIT), 
Summary  122  (XXVTI)  and  127. 
Rice  cakes,  .Japanese,  90    (XXT), 

127. 
Soup,  chicken.  96   (XXTII).  128. 
Sugsr.   granulated.  74    (XIV).   88 
(XX).    90     (XXT).    94    (XXII). 
96     (XXTII).    98     (XXIV),    109 
(XXV),  Summary  122  (XXVII) 
and  123. 
Sugar,  milk.  52  (IX),  53,  60  (X), 
68    (XI).    70    (XIT),    72    (XIIT). 
74    (XIV).   76    (XV).  77    (XVI). 
78      (XVTT).     80      (XVTTT).     82 
(XIX).  88   (XX).  Summary  122 
(XXVTI)   and  123. 
Summary,  120-130.  122   (XXVTI). 
Dangers     from     not     changing    in 

time.  12. 
Effect  on  skin.  132    (XXX).  145-147. 
E^adences  of  right  and  wrong  diet, 

9,  10. 
FTow  recorded,  15. 
How  to  judge.  12. 
Importance  of,  9. 
On  record  sheet.  17. 
Quantity,  9,  10,  1.5. 
Compared     with     Holt.     63,     116 
(XXVI  3),  120,  121. 
Record. 
1st  month,  22   (I). 
2d  month,  26  (IT),  28. 
3d  month,  30  (TIT).  33. 
4th  month,  32   (IV). 
5th  month,  34   (V). 
6th  month,  40  (VI). 
7th  month,  44  (VII).  46. 
8th  month,  50  (VITI). 
9th    month,    51,   52    (IX).    53    (IX 

Con.),  54,  55,  56. 
10th  month,  60  (X).  63,  64,  66. 
nth  month,  68  (XT). 


INDEX. 


189 


12th  month,  70  fXII). 

13th  month,  72    (XIII),  75. 

14th  month,  74    fXIV),  75. 

loth  month,  76    (XV),  75. 

inth  month,  77   (XYI). 

17th  month,  78  (XVII). 

18th  month,  80  (XVIII),  79. 

19th  mouth,  82   (XIX). 

20th  month,  88   (XX). 

21st  month,  86,  90   (XXI).  91,  92. 

22d  month,  94   (XXII),  95. 

2.3d  month.  96   (XXIII). 

24th  month,  98   (XXIV).  101.  102. 

25th  month.  108.  109   (XXV),  111. 
Tending-  to  make  feces  loose,  100. 
Tending-    to    malve    feces    constipa- 
ted, 95. 
When  to  change,  10. 
Dietary,  11. 

Digestion,  evidences  of  good,  8,  16. 
Relation  to  disposition,  149. 
Upset  by  teething.  10. 
Digestive    tract,    controlling    factor 

in  health.  27. 
Importance  of  keeping  it  in  order. 

12. 
Disposition. 

See  Behavior. 
Doctors.  11,  14,  19.  181. 
Caldwell,  Dr.  William  E..  19. 
Holt.  Dr.  D.  Emmett.  14. 
McCastline.  Dr.  William,  19. 
Von  Someren,  Dr..  14. 
Drawers. 

See  under  Clothing. 
Dress. 

See  Clothing. 
Drinks. 
See   Water,    Orange    .Tiiice,    Prune 

Juice. 

Ears,  cleaning,  143. 
Egg. 

See  under  Diet. 
Egg  custard, 

See  under  Diet. 
Enema,  24th  month.  103. 
Evidences  of  health. 

See  Healtli,  evidfiices  of. 
Excrr-ta, 

See  Feces. 
Exercise,  177. 
Eve.  in  health.  8, 

Wash,  143. 

Face,  son-. 

See  Skin. 
Farina, 

See    iind<T  Diet. 
Fasting.  9th  month,  57. 
Feces, 

Ahnomial,  8.  135.  141,  181. 

Accuracy.  18. 

Cliaractr-r.       Summary,       134,       133 
(X.XIXt. 

Foods  tending  to  loosen.  100. 

Foods  tending  to  constipate,  95. 


FrcQueiicv.      Summarv,      131,      116 

(XXVI  C). 
How  record(>d,  15. 
Irregularities    (causes  of),   1.35-137, 
138-141,    132    (XXVIII  2),   160,   161. 
Normal.  8,  134.  135,  141. 
On  record  sheet.  17. 
Record,   22    (I),   23.   26    (11).   29.    30 
(III),    33,    32    (IV),    33.    34    (IV), 
38.    39.    44    (VII),    46.    50    (VIII), 
52     (IX).    51,    55,    56,    57.    60    (X), 
61.   62.    66.    68    (XI),   70    (XII),   72 
(XIII),   74    (XIV).    76    (XV),    77 
(XVI).    78    (XVII),    80    (XVIII). 
82   (XIX),  88   (XX).  90   (XXI),  94 
(XXII),      96       (XXIII),      95,      98 
(XXIV),  105,  109    (XXV).  112. 
Remedies,  Summary.  122  (XXVII), 

130.  138-141.  132   (XXVIII  3). 
Suppositories.  134. 
Fever,  19.  56,  .57. 
Late  evidence  of  indigestion,  10. 
Temperature  taken,  10. 
Treatment,  56,  57. 
22d  month.  93. 
24th  month.  100.  103.  104. 
Fisher   (Prof.)    of  Yale.  177. 
Flesh.  181. 

Sore,  see  Skin. 
Food. 

See  under  Diet. 
Foot, 

See  under  ^leasurements. 
Frequenc.v  of  feces. 
See  Feces,  frequency. 

General  Remarks, 

See  Remarks. 
Grape  .luice. 

See  under  Diet. 
Grapes,  white. 

See  under  Diet. 
Gray  powder  tal)lets. 

See  Medicines. 

See  Fever. 
Growth.  8.  11. 

See  Phvsical  achievements. 

In  health,  8. 

Hat. 

See  under  Clothing. 
Head, 

See  under  Measurements. 
Health,  evidences  of.  8. 

Maintain.  12.  14.  182. 

In  danger.  8. 
Height. 

See  under  Measurements. 
Heritage*.  179. 
Hiccoughs,  cause,  16. 

Treatment.  16. 

On  record  sheet.  17. 
Hips, 

See  under  ^Mi-asurements. 
Holt.    Dr.    L.    Emmet,    references   to 

carr'   and   feeding   of   children,    14, 

24.  25.  27,  53,  54,  63,  144. 


190 


HOW  I   KEPT   MY  BABY  WELL. 


Homiuy, 

See  under  Diet. 
Hood, 

See  under  Clothing. 
Horizontal  bar,  33. 
Hospital,  23. 

Indigestion.  10,  182. 
See  also  Bebavior, 
Cold. 
Crying. 
Feces. 
Skin. 
Vomiting. 
Intervals  between  meals, 

See  Meals,  Intervals. 
Intestines,  9,  10. 
See  also  Feces. 

Jacket, 

See  under  Clothing. 
Jelly, 

See  under  Diet. 

Lanoline, 

See  Skin. 

See  Medicines. 
Laughed,  first  times,  27,  33. 
Layette, 

See  under  Clothing. 
Leggins, 

See  under  Clothing. 
Length  of  time  nursing  at  breast. 

See  under  Diet. 
Lime  water. 

See  under  Diet. 
Liquid  alboline. 

See  Medicines. 

See  Skin. 

Macaroni  cooked  with  beef, 

See  under  Diet. 
McCastline,  Dr.  William,   consulted, 

19,  36,  61,  67. 

Took  measurements,  152. 
Meals,  intervals  between. 

How  recorded, 

On  record  sheet. 

Record,  1st  mo.,  22,  24  ;  2d  mo.,  23, 
27  :  3d  mo.,  30,  33  ;  4th  mo.,  32, 
33  ;  5th  mo.,  33,  34  ;  6th  mo.,  38, 
40  ;  7th  mo.,  43,  44  ;  8th  mo.,  50  ; 
9th  mo.,  52  ;  10th  mo..  60,  63  ;  11th 
mo.,  68  :  12th  mo.,  70  :  13th  mo., 
72  ;  14th  mo.,  74 ;  15th  mo.,  76  : 
16th  mo.,  77  ;  17th  mo.,  78  ;  18th 
mo.,  80  ;  19th  mo..  82  :  20th  mo., 
88  :  21st  mo.,  86,  90  ;  22d  mo.,  94  ; 
23d  mo.,  96  ;  24th  mo.,  98,  100,  101  ; 
25th  mo.,  108.  109  ;  Summary  118- 
120,  122   (XXVI  2). 

Number  a  day. 
How  to  be  recorded.  15. 
1st  mo.,  22.  24  :  2d  mo.,  26,  27  ;  3d 
mo.,  30,  33  ;  4th  mo.,  32,  33  ;  5th 
mo.,  33,  34  ;  6th  mo.,  38,  40  ;  7th 


mo.,    43,    44  ;    8th    mo..    50 ;    9th 
mo.,    52  ;    10th    mo..    59,    60 ;    11 
mo.,  68  ;  12th  mo.,  70  ;  13th  mo., 
72  ;  14th   mo.,  74  :  loth  mo.,   76  ; 
16th  mo.,  77  ;  17th  mo.,  78  ;  18th 
mo.,  80  ;  19th  mo.,  82  ;  20th  mo., 
88  ;  21st   mou.,   86.   90  ;   22d   mo., 
94 ;    23d    mo..    96  :    24th    mo.,    98, 
100 ;    25th    mo.,    108.    109  :    Sum- 
mary, 115-118,  116   (XXVI  1). 
Time  nursing. 
See  under  Diet. 
Measurements    (other   than   weight, 
153.  23. 
Abdomen,  156  (XXXVII). 
Chest,  154  (XXXVI),  156  (XXXVII). 
Foot,  146   (XXXIII). 
Head,  154   (XXXVI). 
Height.  146  (XXXIII), 
Hips,  154  (XXXVI),  156  (XXXVII). 
Neck,  150   (XXXV). 
Rib     (ninth),     154     (XXXVI),    155 

(XXXVII). 
Shoulders,  156   r XXXVII). 
Waist,  154   (XXXVI). 
Meat, 

See  under  Diet. 
Medication  for. 
Cold.  61,  62,  67,  86,  lOG. 
Fever,  56,  57,  86,  100. 
Indigestion,  56,  57,  139. 
Intestines,       122       (XXVII),       124 

(XXVIII  3),  129,  138,  139  to  141^ 
Scalp,  105,  Summarv  145,  14(. 
Skin,  15,  92,  132   (XXX). 
Summary,  142.  143.  145,  147. 
Teeth,  11,  93,  100,  160. 
Medicines, 
Alboline,  143,  145,  147,  132   (XXX). 

See  Cold. 
Antimony  and  ipecac,  106,  149. 

See  Cold. 
Benzoine    (compound  tincture  of), 
62,  149. 
See  Cold. 
Boracic  acid,  143. 

Sec  Eye. 
Boric  acid,  143. 

See  Skin. 
Camphorated  oil,  67,  106. 

See  Cold. 
Castor  oil,  56,  57.  61,  62.  C4,  67,  100, 
103,    104,    106,    136    (XXXI),    Sum- 
mary 130   and  122    (XXVII),  139, 
140,  141,  149. 

See  Cold,  Fever.  Feces. 
Cold  cream,  145,  147,  132   (XXX), 

See  Skin. 
Cornstarch,  143. 

See  Skin. 
Gray  powder  talilets. 
To   reduce   fever.    56.    57.   86,   100, 
103,  106,   Summary.  130.  136,  149. 
For    intestinal    condition,     Sum- 
mary 122  (XXVII),  139. 
See  Fever. 


INDEX. 


191 


See  Feres. 
Liquid  alboliue   (see  Skin,   Scalp), 

105. 
Lanoline,  145,  147,  132  (XXX). 

See  Skin. 
Menthol  and  alboline,  61,  62,  67,  86, 

106,  149. 

See  Cold. 
Mucol,  61,  86,  106,  149,  136,  143. 

See  Cold. 
Mustard  plaster,  106,  149,  136. 

See  Cold. 
Oil  of  cade,  145,  147,  132   (XXX). 

See  Skin. 
Olive     oil,     33,     105,     145,     147,     132 

(XXX). 

See  Breast  Milk. 

See  Skin. 
Eesorcin,  145,  147,  132   (XXX). 

See  Skin. 
Sulphur,  145,  147,  132    (XXXj. 

See  Skin. 
Syrup  of  rhubarb,  130. 

See  1st  mo.  Feces. 
Tannic  acid,  11,  93,  100,  160. 

See  Teeth. 
Vaseline,  145,  147,  132   (XXX). 

See  Skin. 
Violet      emollient,      145,      147,      132 

(XXX). 

See  Skin. 
Zinc   ointment,  92,  143,  145,  147,  132 

(XXX). 

See  Skin. 
Menthol  and  alboline, 
See  Medicines. 
See  Cold. 
Milk,  breast. 

See  under  Diet. 
Milk, 
Certified, 

Change  from  10%  to  i%, 
Condensed, 
Cream, 
Pasteurized, 
Sterilized, 

See  under  Diet. 
Months,  selected,  21, 
-Mother  love,"  183. 
Mother,  consulted,  14. 

Mother's  problem,  14. 
Mucol, 
See  Mt^dicines. 
See  Cold. 
Mustard  plaster, 
See  Medicines. 
See  Cold. 
Mutton  broth, 
See  Diet. 

Naps, 

See  Sleep. 
Neck, 

See  under  Jleasurcments. 
Number  of  meals  a  day, 

See  Meals,  number  a  day. 


Nose,  cleaning,  143. 

Oatmeal, 

See  under  Diet. 
Olive  oil. 

See  Medicines. 

See  Breast  milk. 

See  Skin. 
Oil  of  cade, 

See  Medicines. 

See  Skin. 
Orange  juice, 

See  under  Diet. 
Overfeeding,  9,  21,  25,  36,  40,  49,  55,  56. 

I'ain,  teething. 

See  Teething. 
Peaches, 

See  under  Diet. 
Petticoat, 

See  Clothing. 
Photographs,  19. 
Physical  achievements. 

Accuracy  of  record,  19. 

Record,  2d  mo.,  27,  29  ;  3d  mo.,  33  ; 
4th  mo.,  33  ;  5th  mo.,  33  ;  6th  mo., 
42,  43  ;  7th  mo.,  43,  48,  49  ;  9th 
mo.,  57  ;  10th  mo.,  69  ;  12th  mo., 
69 ;  14th  mo.,  75 ;  19th  mo.,  79 ; 
21st  mo.,  93  ;  23d  mo.,  95  ;  24th 
mo.,  107. 

Summary,     155,     157,     158,    159,     176 
(PL  1),  178   (PI.  II),  180  (PI.  III). 
Physical  activity,  8. 
Pimples, 

See  Skin. 
Powder,  for  flesh,  142,  143. 
Potato,  sweet. 

See  Diet. 
Principles   underlying   dressing,   175, 

177. 
Prunes, 

See  Diet. 
Prune  juice, 

See  under  Diet. 
Problem  of. 

Baby-raising  (baby-culture),  13,  14, 
18? 

Cold",  21.  67. 

Mother's  problem,  13,  14,  183. 

Overfeeding,  9,  21,  36,  40,  49,  55,  56. 

Regurgitation,  21,  25,  27, 

Teething,  21,  95,  107,  160, 

Weaning,  21,  51,  69, 
Puddings, 

Apple  tapioca. 

Bread, 

Rice, 

Tapioca, 
See  under  Diet, 

Rash, 

See  under  Skin, 
Itegurgitation, 

llow  rccordi'd,  15,  18. 
Evidence  of  wrong  feeding,  9. 


192 


HOW  I  KEPT   MY  BABY  ^YELL. 


On  record  sheet.  17. 

Problem  of,  21,  25,  27. 

1st  month,  22  (I),  23,  24. 

2d  month,  25,  26   (II),  27,  28. 

3d  month,  30  (III),  33. 

4th  month,  32  (IV),  33. 

5th  month,  33,  34  (V). 

fith  month,  38,  40  (VI). 

7th  month,  44   (VII).  46. 

8th  month,  50  (VIII). 

9th  month,  52   (IX). 

10th  month.  59,  60  (X).  66. 

Summary,  116  (XXVI  4a),  129. 
Records.  11,  14.  16,  17,  18,  21,  23,  183. 
Remarks,  general,  15. 

Circumcision,  179. 

Clothing,  169-177. 
See  Clothing. 

Exercise,  177. 

Heritage.  179. 

Sucking  thumb,  93,  113,  177. 

Vocabulary,  161-169. 
Resorcin, 

See  Medicines. 

See  Skin. 
Resting  while  nursing,  18. 
Restlessness, 

See  Teething. 
Rib   (ninth), 

See  under  Measurements. 
Rice. 

See  under  Diet. 
Rice  cakes,  Japanese, 

See  under  Diet. 
Rompers, 

See  under  Clothing. 

Sandals, 

See  under  Clothing. 
Scalp, 

See  Skin. 
School  of  Mothercraft,  20. 
Shirt, 

See  under  Clothing. 
Shoulders, 

See  under  Measurements. 
Skin, 
Diet.  132   (XXX),  145,  147. 
Healthy,  8. 
How  recorded,  15. 
Treatment  of. 

See  Medication. 
Medication, 
Alboline,  143, 145, 147,  134a  (XXX) . 
Cold  cream,  145,  147.  134a  (XXX). 
Lanoline,  145.  147,  134a   (XXX). 
Oil  of  cade.  145. 147,  134a  (XXX). 
Olive  oil,  for  scalp,  105,  145,  147, 

134a  (XXX). 
Resorcin.  145.  147.  134a  (XXX). 
Salt  baths,  145.  147,  134a   (XXX). 
Sulphur.  145.  147,  134a  (XXX). 
Vaseline    (white),    145,    147,    134a 

(XXX). 
Violet    emollient.    145,    147,    134a 
(XXX). 


Zinc     ointment,     145,     147,     134a 
(XXX). 
On  record  sheet.  17. 
Record,   29,   33,   38,   39,    40    (VI),   42, 
43,    44     (VII),    48,    50     (VIII),     52 
(IX).  60   (X).  68   (XI),  70   (XII), 
72     (XIII),    74    (XIV),    76    (XV), 
78      (XVII).     90      (XXI),     92,     98 
(XXIV).  105. 
Treatment  in  health,  142,  143. 
Troubles.  143,  147,  132   (XXX). 
Anus,  sore,  147. 
Face,  sore,  147. 
Flesh,  sore,  147. 
Pimples,   8,    10,    15.   18,    Summary 

145. 
Rash. 
How  recorded,  15. 
Record,  1st  mo.,  27  ;  2d  mo.,  29  ; 
6th  mo.,  42  ;  10th  mo..  61.   62  ; 
Summary,  145,  132   (XXX). 
Scalp, 
Daily  care,  143. 

Record,  6th  mo.,  40  (VI  42)  ; 
12th  mo.,  70  (XII)  ;  13th  mo., 
72  (XIII)  ;  24th  mo.,  105  ; 
Summary,  132  (XXX),  145,  147. 
Summary,  132  (XXX),  145,  147. 
Slip. 

See  under  Clothing. 
Sleep, 
How  recorded,  15. 
In  health.  8. 
On  record  sheet,  17. 
Record.   22    (I),   23,   25,  26    (II),  29, 
30    (III),   32   (IV).  34    (V),   38.   39, 
40   (VI).   46,  44    (VII),  50   (VIII), 
51,    59.    52     (IX),    60    (X),    61,    66, 
68    (XI),  70   (XII),  72    (XIII),  74 
(XIV),    76    (XV),    77     (XVI),    78 
(XVII).    80    (XVIII).   82    (XIX), 
88       (XX).      90      (XXI),      92.      94 
(XXII),  96  (XXIII),  98  (XXIV), 
104.  105.  109   (XXA^),  112. 
Summary,  130,  116  (XXVI  5). 
Soap, 
Effects  of  eating,  72   (XIII), 
lyory,  for  washing,  142. 
Soup,  chicken. 

See  under  Diet. 
Stockings,  175. 
Stomach,  9. 
Strength.  33. 
Sucking  the  Thumb.  177. 
Sugar,  granulated,  milk, 

See  under  Diet. 
Sulphur, 
See  Skin. 
See  ]\Iedicines. 
Summary    of   each    month:     2d,    27; 
3d,    33  :    4th,    33  ;    5th,    33  ;    6th,    36 ; 
7th,    43  ;   8th   49  :  9th,   51  ;  10th,   59  ; 
11th,  69  ;  12th,  69  ;  13th,  75  ;  14th  75  ; 
15th.    75  ;    16th.    75  ;    17th,   79 :    18th, 
79  ;  19th,  79  ;  20th,  86 ;  21st,  86  ;  22d, 
93  :  23d,  95  ;  24th,  95  ;  25th,  107. 


INDEX. 


193 


Suppositories,  134. 
Sweater, 

See  under  Clothing. 
Sjrup  of  rhubarb,  130. 

See  Medicines. 

See  1st  month. 

Tables  of  averages,  misleading,  7. 
Tapioca, 

See  Pudding  under  Diet. 
Temperature,  16,  181. 
Tannic  acid, 
See  Medicines. 
See  Teething. 
Teething,  teeth. 
Appearance,  159  (XXXN'III). 
Beginning  to  show,  5/. 
Disturbed  digestion,  in. 
Evidence  of  teething  pains,  75,  100, 

160. 
How  recorded,  15. 
Intestinal       irregularities       while 

teething,  77,  78,  79,  105,  161. 
Not  responsible  for  all.  11. 
Problem  of  teething,  21,  95-107,  160. 
Pvecord,  69,  93,  113. 
Restlessness,  62. 
Summary,  160-161. 
Tannic  acid,  11,  93-100,  ICO. 
Upsetting  regular  living,  52, 
Thinking,  inductive,  13. 
Thumb,  sucking  the,  93,  17 1. 
Time  nursing  at  breast. 

See  under  Diet. 
Time  nursing  begins. 

See  under  Diet. 
Tongue.  8,  10,  16. 
Triscuit, 
See  under  Diet. 

Underfeeding,  51,  55. 
6th  month,  36. 
8th  month,  .51, 
9th  month,  55. 

Variability,  184. 
Vaseline, 
See  Medicines. 


See  Skin. 
Violet  emollient, 
See  Medicines. 
See  Skin. 
Vocabulary,  79,  161-169. 
Vomiting. 
Evidence  of  wrong  feeding,  8. 
How  recorded,  15. 
On  record  sheet,  17,  18. 
Pvecord,    23,   26    (II),    28,    30    (HI), 
32    (IV),  34,    (V).   38,  40    (VI),   44 
(VII),    46,    50    (VIII),    .52     (IX), 
55,  60  (X),  66,  68   (XI),  70  (XII), 
72  (XIII),  75,  76  (XV),  77  (XVI), 
78  (XVII),   80  (XVIII),   82  (XIX), 
86,  90   (XXI),  92,  98   (XXIV),  100. 
Summary,  116   (XXVI  4b),  130. 
Von  Someren,  Dr.,  consulted,  14. 

Waist, 

See  under  Measurements. 
Water, 

See  under  Diet. 
Weaning,  21,  51,  52,  59. 
Weight. 
Health  in  danger,  8. 
How  recorded,  15. 
Increasing  weight,  9. 
On  record  sheet,  17. 
Record,  1st  mo.,  23  ;  2d  mo.,  2o,  29 ; 
3d  mo.,  33  ;  4th  mo.,  33  ;  6th  mo., 
38     42  ;    7th   month,   48 ;    8th   mo., 
49 ;    9th    mo.,    57 :    10th    mo.,    69 ; 
21st  mo.,   93  ;  24th  mo.,  107  ;  25th 
mo..  112,  144  (XXXII). 
Summary,  1.52, 153  and  144  (XXXII). 
Wheat, 

See  under  Diet. 
Wheat  flour,  prepared. 

See  under  Diet. 

Wheat,  shredded. 

See  under  Diet. 

Wheatena, 

See  under  Diet. 

Zinc  ointment,  92,  143. 
See  Skin. 
See  Medicines. 


iEJturattottal  f  sgrJiolngu  fMnttDgraglis 


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WARWICK  &  YORK,  Inc. 

lalttmarr.  31.  ^.  A. 


Moto- 
Sensory 
Develop- 
ment 

Observations 
on    the    First 
Three  Years 
of  a  Child. 


By 
GEORGE 
V.  N. 
DEARBORN 


Price: 

12  mo, 

215  +  ri   pufjcs, 

frontinpicce. 

$1.50. 


Few  sul>jects  are  of  greater  interest  to 
the  parents  of  young  children  or  to 
school  teachers  with  the  truly  scientific 
spirit  of  their  profession  than  the  evolu- 
tion of  a  child's  mechanism  of  efficiency. 
To  the  psychologist,  and  to  a  less  extent 
to  the  physiologist,  acquaintance  with  the 
average  course  of  this  human  unrolling 
is  clearly  a  technical  necesstiy.  All  these 
surely  sliould  welcome  every  competent 
new  account  of  the  first  three  years  of 
human  life. 

This  book,  as  its  name  implies,  dis- 
cusses both  the  motor  and  the  sensory 
development  of  an  average  child.  It  con- 
sists of  careful  observations  of  the  steps 
in  individual  evolution  with  the  addition 
of  numerous  notes  and  brief  theoretic 
discussions  of  the  observations.  The 
chief  emphasis  has  been  put  on  the  be- 
ginnings of  voluntary  movement  and  on 
the  forerunning  phenomena.  These  are 
consiuered  from  both  the  physiologic  and 
psychologic  points  of  view. 

The  affective  side  of  child-development 
is  more  fully  treated  than  are  the  purely 
intellectual  processes,  although  the  moto- 
sensory  evolution  of  ideation  as  exhibited 
in  learning  to  talk  is  as  amply  considered 
as  circumstances  allowed  and  as  was  ex- 
pedient. 

A  feature  of  the  book  is  a  careful 
chronologic  epitome  of  the  observed  de- 
velopment, perhaps  more  detailed  than  in 
any  work  since"  the  pioneer  treatise  of 
Preyer.  This  is  given  in  two  tables  of 
considerable  length,  one  of  them  ar- 
ranged alphabetically  and  the  other  bv 
weeks.  For  purpo.ses  of  reference  these 
tables  will  be  found  of  value. 

Throughout  the  book  there  is  continual 
reference  to  the  temporal  and  other  re- 
lationships of  mental  development  as 
noted  in  similar  accounts  by  Preyer,  Dar- 
win, Shinn,  Moore,  Major  and  others. 
These  notes  facilitate  the  use  of  the  book 
for  pedagogical  purposes,  and  they  also 
enal)le  parents  to  .judge  more  accurately 
of  thf  natures  of  their  children  in  com- 
parison with  the  average. 


WARWICK   &  YORK,   Inc.,   BAI.TI1I0RE,  MD. 


Spelling 

Efficiency 

in 

Relation 

to  Age, 

Grade 

and  Sex, 

and  the 

Question 

of 

Transfer 


An    Experi- 
mental   and 
Critical 
Study    of   tlie 
Function  of 
Metliod  in  the 
Teaching  of 
Spelling. 


By 
J.   £. 

WAi.i;ix 


Price: 
12mo,    cloth, 
vi,  91  pages. 

11.26. 


There  are  few  elementary  school  sub- 
jects in  which  inefficiency  is  more  surely 
detected  and  reprobated  in  later  life,  and 
in  the  teaching  of  which  the  elementary 
schools  are  charged  with  more  extrava- 
gant waste  of  time,  than  spelling.  7.22 
per  cent,  of  the  time  of  the  child  in  the 
elementary  schools  in  ten  of  our  largest 
cities  is  devoted  to  the  study  of  spelling, 
and  yet  the  complaint  continues  to  be 
almost  universally  voiced  that  the  ele- 
mentary and  secondary  school  graduates 
have  not  learned  how  to  spell. 

School  superintendents  and  teachers 
have  felt  the  justice  and  sting  of  these 
criticisms,  and  have  attempted  to  pro- 
vide a  remedy  either  by  increasing  the 
time  devoted  to  spelling  or  by  changing 
the  methods  of  teaching.  The  results, 
however,  have  not  in  all  cas'es  proved 
satisfactor3^ 

Dr.  Wallin,  who  has  been  offering 
courses  in  educational  psychology  and  the 
principles  of  teaching  in  schools  of  edu- 
cation for  a  number  of  years,  points  out 
briefly  in  this  monograph  some  of  the 
fallacies  involved  in  the  exclusive  use  of 
the  incidental  method  of  teaching  spell- 
ing, based  upon  the  psychological  prin- 
ciples which  condition  the  reduction  of 
mechanical  subject-matter  to  the  plane  of 
automatism  (spelling  is  of  an  instru- 
mental nature).  By  means  of  the  re- 
sults of  the  very  researches  made,  in  the 
past  to  demonstrate  the  adequacy  of  the 
incidental  method,  it  i.5  shown  that  its 
use  has  not  justified  the  claims  made  in 
its  behalf.  On  the  other  hand,  the  su- 
periority of  a  spelling  drill  technique, 
based  upon  the  laws  of  habit  formation, 
is  shown,  partly  by  the  author's  own  in- 
vestigation and  partly  by  the  results  of 
a  thoroughgoing  application  of  the  meth- 
od under  control  conditions  during  four 
years  in  a  large  school  system. 

The  book  also  discusses  the  relation  of 
spelling  efficiency  to  age,  grade  and  sex  ; 
the  facts  derived  from  the  tests  are  sup- 
ported by  numerous  tables,  a  number  of 
practical  conclusions  are  offered,  and  a 
bibliography  is  appended. 


When 
Should  a 
Child 
Begin 
School  ? 

An    Inquiry 
Into    the 
Relation 
Between    tlie 
Age  of  Entry 
and    School 
Progress. 

By 
W.   H. 
WINCH 


Price: 

Vlmo,   cloth, 
108  pages. 


Few  educational  questions  have  excited 
more  general  interest  in  recent  years 
than  that  of  the  age  at  which  children 
saould  commence  their  attendance  at 
school.  On  the  one  side  we  have  the 
rule-of-three  conclusion,  felt  rather  than 
expressed  as  an  inference,  that  the  more 
teaching  the  child  gets  and  the  sooner 
he  begins  school  the  more  progress  he  is 
sure  to  make.  On  the  other  we  have  had 
a  strong  feeling,  now  growing  in  inten- 
sity and  range,  that  attendance  in  school, 
particularly  in  England,  begins  too  early 
and  that  there  is  an  educational  disad- 
vantage in  commencing  as  soon  as  the 
children  of  Great  Britain  do.  While  this 
investigation  by  Mr.  Winch  has  special 
reference  to  England,  where  the  school 
iife  begins  at  a  much  earlier  period  than 
in  either  America  or  Germany,  the  re- 
sults set  forth  by  the  author  are  of  vital 
interest  to  all  who  have  to  do  with  the 
education  of  children. 

The  effect  of  age  of  entry  is  considered 
from  several  points  of  view :  1.  Does 
early  entry  at  school  enable  the  pupil  to 
make  more  rapid  advancement  in  school 
standing  than  entry  at  a  later  age?  In 
other  words,  in  a  given  grade  are  those 
pupils  who  entered  school  earlier  found 
to  constitute  the  younger  portion  of  the 
class?  2.  In  the  same  grade  some  pupils 
may  be  doing  work  of  a  high  degree  of 
efficiency,  others  work  of  an  inferior 
qualitv.  To  what  extent  does  early  entry 
correlate  with  high  efficiency  when  tested 
by  examinations?  3.  How  far  does  early 
entry  depend  upon  social  circumstances? 
4.  What  is  the  influence  of  early  entry 
upon  the  subsequent  behavior  of  pupils 
and  upon  their  attentiveness  to  school 
work  ? 

The  results  of  Mr.  Winch's  inquiry  are 
now  published  for  the  first  time.  Some 
of  them  have  been  privately  circulated, 
and  a  few  of  the  tables,  together  with 
the  methods  employed,  were  discussed 
some  years  ago  at  a  meeting  of  the  In- 
spectors of  the  Education  Committee  for 
London. 


WARWICK   &   YORK,   Inc.,   BALTIMORE,  MD. 


Mental 
Fatigue 

"Die 

Geistige 

Ermiidung. 


By 
MAX 
OFFNXSB, 

Translated 
from   the 
German   by 

GUY 

MONTBOSE 

WHIFPl^E 


Price: 

VLmo,    cloth, 

viii,  133  pages. 

$1.25. 


This  noteworthy  monograph  is  a  com- 
prehensive exposition  of  the  nature  of 
mental  fatigue,  of  the  methods  proposed 
for  measuring  it,  and  of  the  results  that 
have  thus  been  obtained,  with  special 
reference  to  their  application  to  class- 
room problems. 

The  text  is  an  amplification  of  a  lecture 
delivered  before  the  Munich  association 
of  gymnasial  teachers,  and  its  primary 
purpose  is  not  to  contribute  to  the  ex- 
perimental investigation  of  fatigue,  but 
to  inform  and  to  interest  teachers. 

The  following  are  among  the  topics  dis- 
cussed :  The  nature  and  forms  of  fatigue, 
the  symptoms  of  fatigue,  the  measure- 
ment of  fatigue  by  physiological  and  by 
psychological  methods,  the  factors  other 
than  fatigue  that  affect  eflaciency  of  men- 
tal work— practice,  adaptation,  warming- 
up,  spurts,  enthusiasm,  etc.  —  and  the 
laws  of  fatigue. 

In  considering  the  application  of  these 
laws  to  school-room  problems,  attention 
is  given  to  the  dependence  of  fatigue 
upon  individual  differences,  upon  age, 
puberty,  the  length  of  lesson  periods,  the 
number  of  lessons  per  day,  the  day  of 
the  week,  the  introduction  of  various 
rest  pauses  (recesses,  holidays,  vacations, 
etc.),  change  of  occupation,  the  fatigue 
coefficient  of  the  different  studies,  also  to 
hygienic  arrangement  of  the  school  pro- 
gram and  other  practical  problems.  A 
selected  bibliography  closes  the  mono- 
graph. 

The  translation  is  offered  with  the  con- 
viction that  it  will  meet  a  very  general 
demand  on  the  part  of  the  teacher  of 
educational  psychology  and  of  the  hy- 
giene of  instruction  for  a  clear  and  sys- 
tematic presentation  of  the  problem  of 
mental  fatigue  and  its  relation  to  school 
work. 


WARWICK  &  YORK,  Inc.,  BAI.TIMOBE,  MD. 


This  monograph  will  oxort  a  two-fold 
appeal  to  those  who  aim  to  keep  abreast 
of  present-day  movements  in  education. 
First,  in  that  it  offers  an  excellent  ex- 
ample of  the  application  of  the  experi- 
mental method  to  a  pedagogical  problem, 
and  in  this  respect  will  take  its  place  as 
a  contribution  to  experimental  pedagogy  ; 
secondly,  in  that  it  deals  with  an  im- 
portant topic  just  now  a  matter  of  gen- 
eral discussion  in  educational  circles. 

The     National     Education     Association 
has  under  consideration  the  adoption  of 
a    new    key-alphabet    for    phonetic    nota- 
tion.    The  merits  of  the  proposed  alpha- 
bet  have   been   the   subject   of   extensive 
and  lively  debate,  but  no  one  has  hither- 
to done  the  obvious  thing  and  tried  out 
the     new    alphabet    under    experimental 
conditions.      This    Dr.    Whipple    has    ac- 
complished, and  the  results  will  interest 
every  teacher  who  uses  a  phonetic  alpha- 
bet in  his  class  work  as  well  as  every 
educator   who   believes   with   the   author 
that,   in   the   school   as   well   as   in  other 
realms  of  life,  "you  can  tell  by  trying." 
In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  subject  of 
phonetic   alphabets   will   be    given   much 
attention   by   educators   during   the   next 
year,    this    work    is    offered    at    a    price 
which    will    place    it   easily   in    reach   of 
teachers   in  city   and  rural,  schools,    and 
also   the   members  of  clubs   and  reading 
binding.  circles. 

WABWICK   &  YOBK,   Inc.,   BAIiTIMORE,  MD. 


Relative 
Efficiency 
of 

Phonetic 
Alpha- 
bets 


An    Experi- 
mental  Inves- 
tigation of 
the    Compara- 
tive Merits  of 
the  Webster 
Key  Alphabet 
and  the 
Proposed  Key 
Alphabet 
Submitted  to 
the    National 
Education 
Association. 


By 

GUY 

MOlTTBGSi: 

WHIFFI.E, 


Price: 

8vo,  60  pages. 

35c.    paper 


Varia- 
tions in 
the 

Grades  of 
High- 
School 
Pupils 


By 
CIiARENCE 
TRUMAN 
GRAY. 


12mo, 
Cloth  ca, 
120  pages. 

$1.25. 


Ten  years  ago  no  serious  attempt  had 
been  made  to  study  scientitically  the 
relative  merits  of  A^arious  systems  of 
grading  students,  despite  the  fact  that 
statistical  methods  for  undertaking  such 
studies  were  fully  available  and  that 
grading  plays  so  large  a  role  in  the 
school  career  of  hundreds  of  thousands 
of  school  children.  In  the  last  five 
years,  however,  this  inviting  field  has 
been  the  scene  of  numerous  important 
investigations,  so  that  we  have  at  least 
arrived  at  a  better  understanding  of  the 
nature  of  the  problem  and  of  the  general 
line  along  which  progress  must  be  made. 

In  the  present  monograph  Mr.  Gray 
reports  the  methods  and  results  of  his 
investigation  of  one  phase  of  the  general 
problem,  viz.,  the  nature,  degree  ana 
causes  of  the  variations  occurring  in  the 
grades  of  high-school  pupils.  The  gen- 
eral aim  of  his  study  is  to  base  an  edu- 
cational investigation  upon  schox)!  grades. 
It  is  usually  argued  that  such  marks 
are  inaccux'ate,  that  they  are  complex, 
that  they  are  not  scientific,  and,  above 
all,  that  it  is  impossible  to  measure 
mental  traits  by  such  cold  statistics  as 
grades  afford.  In  direct  contrast  to 
these  arguments  stands  the  fact  that 
all  promotions  from  the  kindergarten 
through  the  university  are  based  upon 
this  so-called  inaccurate,  complex,  unsci- 
entific and  cold  estimates  of  progress 
and  achievement.  One  of  the  most  vital 
and  fundamental  principles  of  any  school 
system  is  its  plan  of  promotions,  and 
because  of  the  close  relation  between 
promotions  and  grades  there  is  the  most 
urgent  need  that  schoolmen  become  in- 
terested in  the  problems  of  grading. 
Variations  in  the  Grades  of  High-School 
Pupils  should  interest  all  teachers,  and 
more  particularly  all  school  administra- 
tors, because  the  author  not  only  shows 
clearly  how  unreliable  are  the  grades 
commonly  given  by  teachers,  and  makes 
evident  the  need  of  instruction  and  train- 
ing in  grading,  but  also  presents  a  rela- 
tively simple  method  by  means  of  which 
any  high-school  principal  can  study  the 
condition  of  the  grading  in  his  own 
school  and  take  due  steps  to  remedy  the 
faults  that  he  may  find. 


WARWICK   &   YORK,   luc,   BALTIMORZ:,  MD. 


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